Agricultural trade policies in Korea and Japan drew much attention during the negotiations leading to the Uruguay Round Agreements on Agriculture (URAA). Before the UR the countries and others had been using non-tariff barriers and many other intervention measures in agriculture. Korea and Japan argued vigorously for maintaining their farm import barriers and subsidies. Throughout the negotiati...

Non-tariff measures as hidden barriers to agricultural trade would not only result in production and welfare distortions due the international relocation of activities along value chain, but also yield subsequent consequences both scale distribution carbon emissions from agri-food system. This paper estimates ad valorem equivalents non-tariff using a gravity model combination with detailed bila...

In rate making process the statistical information on claim experience are combined with observable variables describing the risks, in order to build a tariff. The observable variables considered in the tariff structure are called tariff variables and the premium for a new risk is estimated from the observed values of these variables. In this process, many statistical methods and mathematical a...

The study attempts to analyse the economy-wide impact of Indo-Pacific alliance between India and rest 45 participating members using computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We introduce four simulation scenarios in first scenario is one which bilaterally liberalises trade terms both tariffs liberalisation alone then removal reduction non-tariff barriers together with all countries region. s...

The greatest achievement of ASEAN’s intra-regional economic cooperation since its inception in 1976 is the realization ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which started with tariff cuts 1993. AFTA was completed January 2018 elimination tariffs. itself an FTA unusually high standard internationally, level liberalization exceeding even that TPP 11. However, when examined from aspect utilization, case T...

Although non-tariff measures (NTMs) have surpassed tariffs as the most prevalent instrument of trade protection globally, our knowledge what drives these NTMs is extremely limited. This paper sheds light on political determinants using a rich empirical setting in Morocco. Taking advantage bilateral EU-Morocco agreement that resulted an across-the-board tariff cut and subsequent rise NTMs, we us...

Low-income households spend a substantial share of their income on utility services such as electricity, heating and water. The difficulty these socially vulnerable consumers have in affording further tariff increases is often used as an argument against tariff reform. However, detailed information on the utility expenditures of different consumer groups and the affordability implications of ta...

This paper investigates the relationship between tariff and growth in the Australian economy over the period from 1871 to 2002. The study is motivated by the debate on the apparent ‘tariff-growth paradox’, a sign switch in the link between tariff rate and growth between the first and second episodes of globalization in world history, established from cross-country growth regressions. The long a...

This paper studies the impact of trade liberalization in terms of tariff cuts within the Eastern European enlargement on German and Austrian firm productivity. Unique matching of data from 1994 to 2003 suggests that tariff reductions raise parent firm productivity significantly. A ten percentage point decrease in tariff rates can lead to total factor productivity gains of up to 2 percent. The d...

This paper addresses tariff revenue concerns that some countries have been expressing in the context of the current multilateral trade negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda. This paper: discusses methodological issues associated with estimating revenue impacts; provides impact estimates for a sample of developing countries; links the differences in impacts to cross-country differences ...