Involution is the process of post-lactational mammary gland regression to quiescence and it involves secretory epithelial cell death, stroma remodeling and gland repopulation by adipocytes. Though reportedly accompanying apoptosis, the role of autophagy in involution has not yet been determined. We now report that autophagy-related (ATG) proteins mediate dead cell clearance and suppress inflamm...

Recent pregnancy correlates with decreased survival for breast cancer patients compared with non-pregnancy-associated breast cancer. We hypothesize that postpartum mammary involution induces metastasis through wound-healing programs known to promote cancer. It is unknown whether alternatively activated M2 macrophages, immune cells important in wound-healing and experimental tumorigenesis that a...

Mammary gland involution is a physiological process that follows lactation and results in the rapid disappearance of the entire lobulo-alveolar compartment. Coincident with the onset of involution, milk protein gene expression ceases and alveolar cells undergo programmed cell death. In mammary epithelial tissue culture cells in vitro, both p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis pathways ha...

Two Banach algebras are naturally associated with a locally compact group G: the group algebra, L,(G), and the measure algebra, M(G). For these two Banach algebras we determine all isometric involutions. Each of these Banach algebras has a natural involution. We will show that an isometric involution, (*), is the natural involution on £'(<?) if and only if the closure in the strict topology of ...

Two Banach algebras are naturally associated with a locally compact group G: the group algebra, L,(G), and the measure algebra, M(G). For these two Banach algebras we determine all isometric involutions. Each of these Banach algebras has a natural involution. We will show that an isometric involution, (*), is the natural involution on £'(<?) if and only if the closure in the strict topology of ...

A formula is given for the discriminant of the tensor product of the canonical involution on a quaternion algebra and an orthogonal involution on a central simple algebra of degree divisible by 4. As an application, an alternative proof of Shapiro’s “Pfister Factor Conjecture” is given for tensor products of at most five quaternion algebras. Throughout this paper, the characteristic of the base...

Let $(A,\sigma)$ be a central simple algebra with an orthogonal involution. It is well-known that $O(A,\sigma)$ contains elements of reduced norm $-1$ if and only the Brauer class $A$ trivial. We generalize this statement to Azumaya algebras involution over semilocal rings, show "if" part fails one allows base ring arbitrary.

BACKGROUND Lobular involution, or age-related atrophy of breast lobules, is inversely associated with breast cancer risk, and mammographic breast density (MBD) is positively associated with breast cancer risk. METHODS To evaluate whether lobular involution and MBD are independently associated with breast cancer risk in women with benign breast disease, we performed a nested cohort study among...

Mammary gland involution is characterized by extensive apoptosis of the epithelial cells. At the onset of involution, Stat3 is specifically activated. To address the function of this signaling molecule in mammary epithelial apoptosis, we have generated a conditional knockout of Stat3 using the Cre-lox recombination system. Following weaning, a decrease in apoptosis and a dramatic delay of invol...