UNLABELLED Finasteride inhibits type 25alpha-reductase activity, significantly reducing dihydrotestosterone levels. Consequent reductions in prostate volume, increases in urinary flow rates and improvements in symptoms compared with placebo have been observed in trials of up to 4 years' duration and in noncomparative extensions (for up to 6 years). Results from the 4-year placebo-controlled PLE...

BACKGROUND Heavy carrying and lifting (HCL) is a common activity among farmers that may be related to health. The aim of this study was to examine HCL as a proxy for occupational physical activity (PA) among farm residents. The secondary objective was to evaluate PA based on HCL. METHODS Data from 21,296 farmers and 30,951 spouses in the Agricultural Health Study examined the relationship bet...

A pentagonal ring is suggested as the basic structural unit of HCl(H2O)6 and (HCl)2(H2O)6 in solution. Modeled after the X-ray structure of a caged H13O6 compound, it contains bridged H5O2 and Clions, each with a coordination number around four. In the most concentrated HCl solutions, one of the ligands solvating Clis HCl, giving rise to a bichloride moiety. The proposed structure explains qual...

BACKGROUND Abuse-deterrent formulations attempt to address public health and societal concerns regarding opioid abuse. Oxycodone HCl-niacin tablets combine oxycodone HCl with niacin and functional inactive excipients to create potential barriers to oral, intranasal, and intravenous abuse. This study compared the relative abuse potential of oral immediate-release oxycodone HCl-niacin with that o...

BACKGROUND The conventional method for decalcification of bone specimens uses hydrochloric acid (HCl) and is notorious for damaging cellular RNA, DNA, and proteins, thus complicating molecular and immunohistochemical analyses. A method that can effectively decalcify while preserving genetic material is necessary. METHODS Pairs of bilateral bone marrow biopsies sampled from 53 patients were de...

The BRAFV600E mutation was recently detected in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) by whole exome sequencing. To make use of this new marker for diagnosis and follow-up of HCL, we developed a BRAFV600Emut-specific quantitative real-time PCR assay and validated it in 117 HCL patients and 102 nonHCL/BRAFwt patients. The cut-off level to discriminate BRAFV600E-positive/-negative cases was set at 0.023% BRA...

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity that responds well to purine analogs but is sometimes difficult to differentiate from HCL-like disorders (e.g., splenic marginal zone lymphoma and HCL variant). We recently identified the BRAF-V600E mutation as the disease-defining genetic event in HCL. In this study, we describe a new, simple, and inexpensive test for genetics-ba...

The descriptive epidemiological characteristics of hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a rare chronic lymphoproliferative disorder, were examined by using incidence data collected from 1972 to 1987 by the Cancer Surveillance Program, the population-based cancer registry for Los Angeles County. During the study period, 208 incident cases of histologically confirmed HCL were diagnosed. HCL comprised 2% of...