Sovereign states arm to defend real or hypothetical interests, presumably because they cannot engage in complete, long-term contracting that would prevent such arming. International trade, therefore, takes place within an essentially anarchic context, and we can expect trade regimes and security policies to be related. Indeed, many embargoes, sanctions, and various other forms of trade restrict...

This paper examines the relationship between foreign direct investment, openness and economic growth in Sudan during the period 1972-2011 using Granger causality and Johansen co-integration techniques to analyze the relationship and direction of causality between the variables. The study used autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration analysis proposed by Pesaran and Shin (...

In recent years, the process of globalization has provided a great deal support to international trade, which led increase in global trade volume. However, as far negative characteristics flows are concerned, extensive production and needed meet demands have higher energy consumption carbon dioxide (CO¬2) emissions. Sri Lanka been trading since 1977, so objective this study is investigate exist...

the main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of trade openness on the employment and the real wage for the iranian food and beverage industries over the year 2007. for this purpose in this study, the ratio of export to production value has been considered as a proxy for trade openness and the main model has been estimated using a dynamic panel data (dpd) approach. the main findin...

In the age of digital globalization, information and communication technologies (ICT) international trade seem to have become engines economic growth. this study, we investigate impacts on Tunisia’s growth using ICTs greater openness. We employ a cross-section augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model apply Dumitrescu Hurlin Granger causality test panel data for 14 sectors in per...

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the relationships between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness, and urbanization within framework Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for 11 Islamic non-Islamic Emerging Economies in period 1990-2018. For purpose, long-term relationship variables are investigated both country groups using MG, AMG, CCE...