7 Lidar remote sensing from three platforms – ground, airborne, and spaceborne – has 8 the capability to acquire direct three-dimensional measurements of the forest canopy that 9 are useful for estimating a variety of forest inventory parameters, including tree height, 10 volume, and biomass, and also for deriving useful information for characterizing wildlife 11 habitat or forest fuels. 12 The...

Users of geographic information systems (GIS) usually render terrain using a point light source defined by an illumination vector. A terrain shaded from a single point provides good perceptual cues to surface orientation. This type of hill shading, however, does not include any visual cues to the relative height of surface elements. We propose shading the terrain under uniform diffuse illuminat...

In this paper, a new method for the automated generation of 3D building models from directly observed point clouds generated by LIDAR sensors is presented. By a hierarchic application of robust interpolation using a skew error distribution function, the LIDAR points being on the terrain are separated from points on buildings and other object classes, and a digital terrain model (DTM) can be com...

This paper uses the Bekker model for land locomotion analysis to compare ground vehicle vehicles with different running gear configurations. The Bekker model is inherently phenomenological in nature and requires empirical data to both calibrate and validate the methodology for realistic soil/terrain conditions. This formalism consists of two fundamental equations. The first uses the Coulomb-Moh...

Working with an existing wireless network simulator, we describe the addition of both a method for modeling arbitrary terrain, and for calculating signal attenuation with the Irregular Terrain Model (ITM). We also investigate ITM’s effects on upper protocol layer in comparison to the Two-Ray Ground Reflection model. Upon examination, it was found that aside from the terrain between the transmit...

Focusing on the visual effect deficiency in the application of standard LOD algorithm for 3D landscape design, 3D landscape designing model based on terrain complexity collision and shading rendering is built in this paper. First, 3D landscape design models are devided into two categories, regular terrain and irregular terrain, and different rules are respectively adopted during model building....

To solve the problem of three-dimensional terrain simplification in large-scale which was based on digital elevation model (DEM) data, a terrain simplified method based on the theory of spatial autocorrelation was proposed. The slope, a key factor for expressing the terrain features, has been taken into account in this method. According to principle of regional similarities in geomorphology is ...