Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a new technique that uses the application of vaccine antigens in a solution on the skin to induce potent antibody responses without systemic or local toxicity. We have previously shown that cholera toxin (CT), a potent adjuvant for oral and nasal immunization, can induce both serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA and protect against toxin-mediated...

Samples from 20 lots of diphtheria-tetanus (adult use dT) vaccine and from 20 lots of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine were used to standardize and validate the in vitro toxin binding inhibition (ToBI) test for the immunogenicity test of the tetanus component. The levels of tetanus antitoxin obtained by ToBI test were compared to those obtained using the toxin neutralization (TN) test...

Tetanus disease is one of the most dramatic and globally prevalent diseases of humans and vertebrate animals, and has been reported for over 24 centuries. The manifestation of the disease, spastic paralysis, is caused by the second most poisonous substance known, the tetanus toxin, with a human lethal dose of approximately 1 ng/kg. Fortunately, this disease is successfully controlled through im...

We have constructed vectors that permit the expression in Escherichia coli of Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein 14 (Sm14) in fusion with the nontoxic, but highly immunogenic, tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC). The recombinant six-His-tagged proteins were purified by nickel affinity chromatography and used in immunization and challenge assays. Animals inoculated with TTFC in fusion wi...

Mice were immunised intranasally with live Bordetella bronchiseptica aroA strains possessing plasmids encoding fragment C (FrgC) of tetanus toxin. FrgC was expressed either from a constitutive tac promoter (strain GVB120) or the Bvg-dependent fhaB promoter (strain GVB1543). Serum anti-FrgC antibody titres were detected in all mice immunised with GVB1543 and GVB120 but the average titres were hi...

The ability of a strain of Clostridium tetani to produce toxin is conventionally determined by measuring the Lf titer of the culture supernatant fluid after lysis is completed sometime after the third or fourth day of incubation. Although the flocculation procedure has been repeatedly found useful in the development of a suitable nutritional background for toxin production (Mueller and 1liller,...

OBJECTIVE To determine the persistence of antibody to diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in children receiving an accelerated schedule of primary immunisation. DESIGN Controlled study of antibody testing of blood samples from children immunised according to various schedules: three doses of triple vaccine completed at 8-13 calendar months, 6-7 calendar months, before 6 calendar months, or thr...

Fragment B, the N-terminal half of the heavy chain, an important domain of the tetanus neurotoxin molecule, was isolated for the first time. Tetanus toxin (composed of three domains, A, B, and C) was prepared from culture filtrates. Fragment A-B, derived from the toxin treated mildly with papain, was used for the isolation of fragment B. Fragment A-B obtained was dissociated into fragments A an...