Epicuticular waxes influence leaf reflectance, but the spatiotemporal dynamics in their reflectance properties have not been properly characterized, and its consequences remain unknown. In this study, we analysed the seasonal changes in wax reflectance of Scots pine needles. It tended to decrease with needle age and towards lower positions within the canopy. In addition, we also identified a cl...

ntifying Poets Rohert Crawford speculates that 'the poet who constructs an identity I allows that poet to identify with a particular territory is the paradigmatic modern , adding that 'the position of poets in Scotland is typical of this situation' (Crawford 3: 142). One purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the limits of a Scottish literary ism preoccupied by the search for 'poetic selves t...

The effects after 25 years of moose browsing on Scots pine stands in Lahemaa National Park were evaluated, emphasizing economic damage. A re-evaluation in 2001 examined stands that had been evaluated in 1975–1976. Moose damage significantly affected the tree species composition which changed over time as pine dominance increased and the number of mixed stands declined. The smaller proportion of...

The study analyses the annual post-thinning response and thinning bias of a young Scots pine stand as a function of tree size, competition faced by the tree, and competition that is removed around the tree in the thinning treatment. The thinning response of a tree was defi ned as the change of tree growth due to a thinning treatment. The thinning bias was defi ned as the difference between the ...

The VOYS (Voices of Young Scots) project aims to establish a speech database of adolescent Scottish speakers. This database will serve for speech recognition technology and sociophonetic research. 300 pupils will ultimately be recorded at secondary schools in 10 locations in Scotland. Recordings are performed via the Internet using two microphones (closetalk and desktop) in 22,05 kHz 16 bit lin...

The study attempts to consider the process of searching for lines convergence A. Green’s work with a number other authors. intertextual approach analysis writer's works allows reader expand interpretation text in many ways and discover intertexts metatexts that are sometimes not revealed at first acquaintance work. If earlier philosophical moral aspect work, ideological content his genre origin...

This paper explores the use of texts that are related to an image collection, also known as collateral texts, for building thesauri in specialist domains to aid in image retrieval. Corpus linguistic and information extraction methods are used for identifying key terms and semantic relationships in specialist texts that may be used for query expansion purposes. The specialist domain context impo...

In this paper, we propose a document vector space model where weights of noun terms vary depending on positions within the texts of blog entries as search results. We extend “extended anchor texts” (i.e., extra texts surrounding anchor texts) with the exponential potential such that the weight of a noun term decreases exponentially as the distance between the term and link increases. In order t...

The paper outlines a formal ontology of texts. The main ontological distinction I try to capture is the difference between tokens of texts (physical texts) and texts (abstract texts) themselves. The latter are understood here as ontologically dependent on the former in the sense spelled out by the axioms of the ontology. I formally characterise both types by means of their criteria of identity ...