The host immunological pathways are re-organized to get a clear picture. There are four acute immune responses: TH1/TH2/TH22/THαβ which are corresponding to four chronic immune responses: TH1Like/TH9/TH17/TH3. Then, the four branches of immune reactions can link to four types of hypersensitivities or allergies. THfh is the stimulatory pathway to initiate adaptive acute immunity. Another inhibit...

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pluripotent T cell-derived cytokine which is a member of IL-10 cytokine family. It is the only interleukin produced by immune cells but does not target immune system components. IL-22 is mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and TH17, TH22, NK, and NKT cells and targets a number of body tissues including liver, pancreas, and other epithelial tissues. It provokes a...

There is a medical need to develop new treatments for patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD). To improve the discovery and testing of novel treatments, relevant animal models for AD are needed. Generally, these animal models mimic different aspects of the pathophysiology of human AD, such as skin barrier defects and Th2 immune bias with additional Th1 and Th22, and in some populations T...

In response to cytokine signalling and other factors, CD4-positive T lymphocytes differentiate into distinct populations that are characterized by the production of certain cytokines and are controlled by different master transcription factors. The spectrum of such populations, which was initially limited to Th1 and Th2 subsets, is currently broadened to include Th17 and Treg subsets, as well a...

Dupilumab, a therapeutic antibody that blocks the eczematous type 2 immune response in atopic dermatitis (AD), has shown efficacy many clinical trials and real-life observational studies. Besides blepharitis conjunctivitis, de novo appearance of head-neck is recognized as distinct side effect, occurring up to 10% patients at any time after dupilumab initiation. Histopathological features from c...

Objectives: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune bleeding disease characterized by thrombocytopenia. This review will examine the Notch-aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-interleukin-22 (IL-22) signaling pathway regulatory mechanisms in ITP to generate ideas for pathogenesis and etiological investigation of disease. Mechanism: Studies had shown that abnormal imbalance immune...