in water resources projects knowledge of hydrological parameters is required. some of these parameters depend on the volume of water designed for those projects. in order to obtain a better yearly precipitation mean for karaj watershed, an attempt is made to homogenize the records of the various rainfall stations, using stations having longer recording periods. efforts are also made to determin...

Climate variability has been and continues to be, the principal source of fluctuations in global food production in countries of the developing world and is of serious concern in the Kingdom of Swaziland. The mean annual rainfall is considerably low in most parts of the country and temporal variability is quite high. In some places, as much as 60% of the annual total rainfall is recorded in jus...

There are quite a number of conflicting conclusions about inter-annual trends of the monsoon rainfall over South Asia as a result of global warming. Western Ghats, next to Himalayas are the principal watershed areas for the rivers of India. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the inter-seasonal and inter-annual patterns rainfall over Agumbe – popularly known as the Cheerapunji...

 Homand Absard Rangeland Research Station is located 70 km northeast of tehran and 15 km southeast of Damavand with an altitude of 1972 m a.s.l., an average annual rainfall of 333 mm,  and a cold semi-steppe climate. In order to compare  the seed production of Vicia villosa under different cultivation seasons and methods, the seeds were initially collected from natural habitats similar to the m...

Climate variability and trends impact on Australia’s economy, environment and society. Australian research organisations are conducting many research projects to understand the magnitude of climate change (including natural variability and human induced climate change) and the physical drivers that underpin our ability to forecast and manage its impacts. Australia’s average temperature varies b...

Variation and uncertainty in estimated evaporation was determined over time and between two locations in Florida Bay, a subtropical estuary. Meteorological data were collected from September 2001 to August 2002 at Rabbit Key and Butternut Key within the Bay. Evaporation was estimated using both vapor flux and energy budget methods. The results were placed into a long-term context using 33 years...

Multiple observational data sets and atmosphere-only simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 are analyzed to characterize recent rainfall variability and trends over Africa focusing on 1983–2010. Data sets exhibiting spurious variability, linked in part to a reduction in rain gauge density, were identified. The remaining observations display coherent increases in annu...

Fine roots (FR) play a major role in the water and nutrient uptake of plants and contribute significantly to the carbon and nutrient cycles of ecosystems through their annual production and turnover. FR growth dynamics were studied to understand the endogenous and exogenous factors driving these processes in a 14-year-old plantation of rubber trees located in eastern Thailand. FR dynamics were ...

Declining rainfall is projected to have negative impacts on the demographic performance of plant species. Little is known about the adaptive capacity of species to respond to drying climates, and whether adaptation can keep pace with climate change. In fire-prone ecosystems, episodic recruitment of perennial plant species in the first year post-fire imposes a specific selection environment, off...

BACKGROUND Climate change in the Himalayas, a biodiversity hotspot, home of many sacred landscapes, and the source of eight largest rivers of Asia, is likely to impact the well-being of ~20% of humanity. However, despite the extraordinary environmental, cultural, and socio-economic importance of the Himalayas, and despite their rapidly increasing ecological degradation, not much is known about ...