Subtypes of GABAergic interneurons (INs) are crucial for cortical function, yet their specific roles are largely unknown. In contrast to supra- and infragranular layers, where most somatostatin-expressing (SOM) INs are layer 1-targeting Martinotti cells, the axons of SOM INs in layer 4 of somatosensory cortex largely remain within layer 4. Moreover, we found that whereas layers 2/3 SOM INs targ...

An understanding of the form and function of SOM in soil is essential to sustainable crop production. Various methods of SOM fractionation are used to study SOM forms and to gain an understanding of interaction between SOM and aggregate formation. Physical SOM fractionation techniques are based on the concept that SOM associated with particles of various sizes. differs in structure and function...

Seeds monitor the environment to germinate at the proper time, but different species respond differently to environmental conditions, particularly light and temperature. In Arabidopsis thaliana, light promotes germination but high temperature suppresses germination. We previously reported that light promotes germination by repressing SOMNUS (SOM). Here, we examined whether high temperature also...

The transferability of a visible and near-infrared (VNIR) model for soil organic matter (SOM) estimation in riparian landscapes is explored. The results indicate that for the soil samples with air-drying, grinding and 2-mm sieving pretreatment, the model calibrated from the soil sample set with mixed land-use types can be applied in the SOM prediction of cropland soil samples (r 2 Pre = 0.66, R...

Decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is limited by both the available substrate and the active decomposer community. The understanding of this colimitation strongly affects the understanding of feedbacks of soil carbon to global warming and its consequences. This study compares different formulations of soil organic matter (SOM) 5 decomposition. We compiled formulations from literature in...

Neuromodulators, including transmitters and peptides, modify neuronal excitability. In most neurons, multiple neuromodulator receptors are present on a single cell. Previous work has demonstrated either occlusive or additive effects when two neuromodulators that target the same ion channel are applied together. In this study, we characterize the modulation of Ca2+ and K+ channels in embryonic c...

Context: Reliability prediction is critical for software engineers in the current challenging scenario of increased demand high-quality software. Even though various reliability models have been established so far, there always a need more accurate model today's competitive environment producing Objective: This paper proposes neuro-fuzzy hybridized method by integrating self-organized- ...

The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is a useful and strong tool for data analysis, especially for large data sets or data sets of high dimensionality. SOM visualizations map the data model dimensions to visual dimensions like color and position, thus they help exploring the SOM. Visualization can also involve the data itself so that it helps accessing information that are not available in the trained...

In this paper, an important application of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) to construction of adaptive meshes is considered. It is shown that application of the basic SOM model leads to a number of problems like inaccurate fitting the border of a physical domain, mesh self-crossings, etc. The composite SOM model is proposed which is based on the composition of a number of SOM models interacting in a...

Det här är en undersökning som knyter an till en tidigare publicerad artikel om nitratfri luttring av ett soda-kalk-glas[1]. Det är ur miljösynpunkt bättre att använda antimonat som luttringsmedel efter som utsläppen av NOx-gaser blir betydligt mindre då inget nitrat tillsätts. Antimonat ger i soda-kalk-glaset lika god luttrande effekt som nitrat och antimonoxid. I den här artikeln har studien ...