Abstract Based on the first English translation of Old Tibetan document with shelf mark Pelliot tibétain 1096 recto, article analyses internal organisation a stage station ( sluṅs ) in Central Asian colonial provinces Empire. It examines officials and offices that constituted station, as well persons who were using its services. By comparing information contained later reports foreign traveller...

The case study in this paper is on the Daur (as well as Evenki, Buriat, and Bargu Mongols) Hulun Buir, Northeast China. aim of research to examine how shamanic rituals function a conduit actualize communications between clan members their shaman ancestors. Through examinations observations other Indigenous China, argues that human construction landscape brings humans, other-than-humans, things ...

The appropriate place to begin a discussion of Information-Age measures is with a discussion of information and how it affects military operations. Information has always been an integral part of military operations, from the earliest days of organized combat to today’s modern armies. Commanders have always devoted considerable resources to improving intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance...

"Cabusnama" is an important book in the Persian literature. It was written by Prince AlZiari Onsur AlMaali Kikaoos Bin Iskander Bin Kaboos Bin Washmiger Bin Ziar in the fifth Hugri Century. The book contains a number of important pieces of economic, military, intellectual, ect. All these were written in forty four chapters. The book was presented to his son and successor Gilanshah to teach him ...

This article analyses the importance of communication by letter during initial months 1241 Mongol invasion Europe (c.March–July 1241). It focuses especially on 10 letters found in Ottobeuren collection (Innsbruck, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol, Cod. 187, ff. 1v–8v). Through a close reading and its visualisation form network graph, this reconstructs transmission history letters, inclu...

the factors that have been influential in the damaging and destroying the iranian historical monuments can be divided into two categories: first, the natural phenomena such as floods, earthquakes, famines, and droughts; and second, human behavior that on some occasions had intentionally or unintentionally caused some damages to the historical monuments. the flawed policies of the rulers that ha...