According to the classical theories of ENSO, subsurface anomalies in ocean thermal structure are precursors for ENSO events and their initial specification is essential for skillful ENSO forecast. Although ocean salinity in the tropical Pacific (particularly in the western Pacific warm pool) can vary in response to El Niño events, its effect on ENSO evolution and forecasts of ENSO has been less...

Dengue dynamics are driven by complex interactions between hosts, vectors and viruses that are influenced by environmental and climatic factors. Several studies examined the role of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in dengue incidence. However, the role of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomenon in the Indian Ocean, which controls the summer monsoon rainfall in the I...

Through the dynamical coupling between ocean and atmosphere, the vertical advection of anomalous subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling and the zonal advection of mean sea surface temperature (SST) by anomalous current constitute the so-called the thermocline and zonal advective feedbacks that are essential for El Nifio / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) coupled dynamics. In this paper, we dem...

The evolution of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the Holocene remains uncertain. In particular, a host of new paleoclimate records suggest that ENSO internal variability or other external forcings may have dwarfed the fairly modest ENSO response to precessional insolation changes simulated in climate models. Here, using fully coupled ocean-atmosphere model simulations, we show th...

The El Niño–La Niña asymmetry was estimated in the 10 different models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Large differences in the “asymmetricity” (a variance-weighted skewness) of SST anomalies are found between models and observations. Most of the coupled models underestimate the nonlinearity and only a few exhibit the positively skewed SST anomalies over the t...

[1] Applying Linear Discriminant Analysis on 47 years of NCEP stratospheric temperature data from 1959 to 2005, we find that the warm-ENSO (‘‘El Niño’’) years are significantly warmer also in the stratosphere at the Northern Hemisphere polar and midlatitudes than the cold-ENSO (‘‘La Niña’’) years, during winter. Specifically, the zonal mean, DecemberFebruary mean, 10–50 hPa mean temperature, wh...

We present a model study that investigates to what extent it is possible to introduce ENSO variability to an Earth system Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). The Zebiak–Cane ENSO model is dynamically coupled to the EMIC CLIMBER-3a, which by itself exhibits no interannual or multidecadal variability. ENSO variability is introduced to CLIMBER-3a by adding ENSO-related sea surface temperature...

A connection between El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and weather phenomena in eastern Australia has been recognized for several decades. However, little work has been devoted to addressing how this correlation affects hydrological system behaviour within regional-scale catchments. In this study, spatially distributed ENSO effects are evaluated in terms of monthly rainfall, evaporation, stre...

Numerical experiments with a coupled model have been carried out to test the heat-pump hypothesis for ENSO. The hypothesis states that the level of ENSO activity is controlled by the meridional differential surface heating over the Pacific: either an enhanced surface heating over the equatorial region or an enhanced cooling over the subtropical/extratropical ocean may result in a regime with st...