with its favorable geographical location, qazvin has long been a center of civilization in the iranian plateau. due to its strategic importance and being situated on the way to routes going to west and east, qazvin has always enjoyed military and political significance in both the pre-islamic and the islamic period. after the muslim arabs’ conquest of persia, qazvin became one of the borders of...

the era of sadradin mosa safavi (1334-1389) coincided with disintegration of the ilkhanid dynasty and the start of the fatrat period one of the most important periods in which the safavid family tried to preserve and expand their properties and possessions resorting to popular actions like building sufis’ house and monastery. during this period not only sadrodin made conscious efforts to expa...

the public bathhouses are included in buildings as public utilities that have been expanded throughout islamic realm by arising islamic religion that cleaning is the preamble for most of its rites. unfortunately, from the beginning of islamic period until 8th hegira century (15th ad century) no stable sample of public bathhouses remained in iran, but many public bathhouses have still remained f...

One of the principal elements of the economic reforms program initiated in 1991 was to reduce the fiscal deficit of the central government which, at that time, faced a solvency crisis. This reduction was at least partially achieved by reducing transfers to state governments. As a result, state government budgets faced crises and agriculture, being largely a state subject, was denied adequate in...

one of the chapters in the history of iranian music is the place and significance of the musical instrument called oud. this instrument, initially named “barbat”, emerged during the sassanid dynasty. generally known under the name “oud” in islamic era, it became grepopular in islamic countries. in iran, this instrument enjoyed great importance until the fall of the safavid dynasty. from the ear...

Respect and reverence for water and trees are institutionalised in many ancient civilisations due to socio-cultural traditions, values and beliefs. In Iranian societies, respect for trees and water, separately and in composite form as gardens, is a well-known cultural value both before and after Islam. Therefore, the first part of this paper explains the value and importance of plants and ga...