in islamic jurisprudence and law, right possession comes from trades such as ijara, jualla, sulh, hiba, and irth and etc. accordingly, if someone gives money to others to judge in his favor, or expects grantee to express something wrong as a right, or unlawfully prefer endower to the others, has done something wrong that is not a right reason of possession. stating the difference between bribe ...

improper drug prescription by physicians due to wrong diagnosis, wrong drug choise or other causes will waste national funds. the annual drug costs in iran is 900 billions rials. with approvement of prescription, it can be reduced to 500 billions rials. effective factors in costs reduction are: 1) increasing medical knowledge and persistent education of physicians. 2) spending more time for eac...

P atients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer a specifi c loss of dop-aminergic neurons from the mid-brain region that controls motor function. The exact mechanism of this selective neurodegeneration is unclear, though many lines of evidence point to dysfunctional mitochondrial complex I as one root cause of the disease. Yet Choi et al. now suggest that defective regulation of micro-tubules ma...

How sensitive should you be to the testimony of others? You saw the car that caused an accident going through traffic lights on the red; or so you thought. Should you revise your belief on discovering that the majority of bystanders, equally well-equipped, equally well-positioned and equally impartial, reported that it went through on the green? Or take another case. You believe that intelligen...