A semiempirical theory for the excitation and subsequent relaxation of nonthermal electrons is described. The theory, which applicable to ultrafast-laser excited metals, based on Boltzmann transport equation carrier distribution function $f(\ensuremath{\epsilon},t)$ includes electron-phonon, electron-electron, electron-photon scattering integrals in forms that explicitly depend electronic densi...

We show that a fi eld emission tip electron source that is triggered with a femtosecond laser pulse can generate electron pulses shorter than the laser pulse duration (100  fs). The emission process is sensitive to a power law of the laser intensity, which supports an emission mechanism based on multiphoton absorption followed by over-the-barrier emission. Observed continuous transitions betw...

Characterization and modeling of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) GaAs diodes using to evaporate SiO₂ and Pd simultaneously as a mixture electrode (called M-MSM diodes) compared with similar to evaporate Pd as the electrode (called Pd-MSM diodes) were reported. The barrier height (φ(b)) and the Richardson constant (A*) were carried out for the thermionic-emission process to describe well the cur...

We evaluate the terahertz (THz) detectors based on field-effect transistor (FET) with graphene channel (GC) and a floating metal gate (MG) separated from GC by black-phosphorus (b-P) or black-arsenic (b-As) barrier layer. The operation of these GC-FETs is associated heating two-dimensional electron gas in impinging THz radiation leading to thermionic emission hot electrons MG. This results vari...

The resonant multiple photon excitation of neutral niobium clusters using tunable infrared (IR) radiation leads to thermionic emission. By measuring the mass-resolved ionization yield as a function of IR wavenumber species selective IR spectra are obtained for Nb(n) (n = 5-20) over the 200-350 cm(-1) spectral range. The IR resonance-enhanced multiple photon ionization spectra obtained this way ...

In the present paper, several issues concerning the second law of thermodynamics, Maxwell’s demon and Landauer’s principle are dealt with. I argue that if the demon and the system on which it operates without dissipation of external energy are made of atoms and molecules (gas, liquid or solid) in thermal equilibrium (whose behaviour is described by a canonical distribution), then the unavoidabl...