PURPOSE Asthma is a complex disease, with contributions from multiple genes, various genetic backgrounds, and environmental factors. Many human epidemiological studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes are inconsistently associated with asthma risk. Some have demonstrated differences concerning the study design and effect size, and c...

BACKGROUND In addition to Helicobacter pylori infection, host genetic factors contribute to gastric cancer (GC). Recognition of H. pylori is known to involve Toll-like receptors (TLR), which subsequently leads to activation of NF-κB. Thus, the overall aim of this study was to estimate for the first time the pooled effect size of polymorphisms in TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 on GC development through a m...

The lipid A of LPS activates TLR4 through an interaction with myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) and the degree of lipid A acylation affects TLR4 responsiveness. Two TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) have been associated with LPS hyporesponsiveness. We hypothesized that the combination of hypoacylation and these single nucleotide polymorphisms would exhibit a ...

BACKGROUND Dysfunctional innate responses of alveolar macrophages to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae contribute to morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our earlier studies discovered impaired COPD alveolar macrophage responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands of nontypeable H. influenzae and provide rationale for fu...

toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), considered one of  the most important tlr, recognizes lipopolysaccharide of  gram-negative bacteria. recognition  of  ligands by  tlrs  induces signaling pathways resulting in activation of transcriptional factors such as nf-κb which are involved in  the  expression of  inflammatory cytokines and  chemokines. to  prevent  an inappropriate immune response, a complex ...

Taís Silveira Assmann1,2, Natália Emerim Lemos1,2, Letícia de Almeida Brondani1,2, Rodrigo Carlessi1,2, Carmen Maldonado-Bernal3,4, Miguel Cruz3,4, Luis Henrique Canani1,2 and Daisy Crispim1,2* 1Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 2Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Por...

Despite significant advances in understanding the molecular basis of sepsis and its associated immunological response, sepsis remains a problem worldwide and is associated with a high mortality. Annually, septic shock, the most severe form of sepsis, causes the death of more than 100 000 people in the USA (3,4). Gram-negative bacteria are the most common pathogens associated with bacterial infe...

Tuberculosis (TB) still remains the leading cause of mortality due to bacterial pathogen. The only currently available vaccine against TB, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is at best credited with a 50% overall protective efficacy. Skin testing with purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the method of detecting BCG-induced cell mediated immunity, in vivo. In the previ...

A CUTE myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia are leading causes of shortand long-term morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period. In part, this relates to the fact that treatment options for a myocardial infarction in surgical patients are extremely limited. For example, anticoagulation or treatment with highly effective inhibitors of platelet aggregation may not be an option d...