In a 4Pi-confocal microscope the specimen is illuminated and observed coherently from above and below such that the numerical aperture is increased [S. W. Hell, European Patent Application 91121368.4 (filed 1990, published 1992), S. W. Hell and E. H. K. Stelzer, J. Opt. Sot. Am. A9,2159 (.1992)]. The point spread functions of 4Pi-confocal and confocal microscopes were measured. Our measurements...

A three-dimensional numerical tool for the simulation of smoldering in fixed beds of solid fuels is presented in this paper. The description is based on the microscale equations, in a detailed discretized image of the porous medium. Simplifying assumptions are used, but the local coupling of the transport and reaction mechanisms is fully preserved. A set of 2D and 3D simulations demonstrates th...

Dendritic crystal growth in a pure undercooled melt is simulated quantitatively in three dimensions using a phase-field approach. The classic parameter s that characterizes the dynamically selected operating state of the dendrite tip as well as the full nonaxisymmetric tip morphology are determined as a function of anisotropy for a crystal with a cubic symmetry. Results are compared to experime...

In this article we report on work concerned with the three-dimensional numerical simulation of dough mixing that arises in the food processing industry. Two dough mixers at various rotation speeds are studied, one with one stirrer and the other with two stirrers. Various types of fluid models are incorporated in this work. Numerical simulations are based on three dimensions in the cylindrical c...

The present study considers of the water and air flow and Micro-Bubble production inside the venturi tube, by the use of dimensional analysis. Numerical analysis of Micro-Bubble creation in venturi tube requires fast computers and large amounts of storage space. Up to now, there has been no numerical analysis concerning Micro-Bubble creation and all other existing studies are experimental. To s...

a new three-dimensional unit cell model has been developed for modeling three constituent phases including inclusion, interphase and matrix. the total elastic modulus of nano-composite is evaluated.  numerical results are in good agreement with the previous proposed theoretical modeling. higher matrix and inclusion elastic modulus both can dramatically influence the total elastic modulus.