This cannot be done with traditional multi-tier Web applications — the de facto standard for building applications that enable today’s era of Internet applications — as they are too difficult to develop, test and maintain. Multi-tier Web apps typically consist of a complex code base, as the result of enormous functionality built into a single Web application. Further, a single change can affect...

This paper examines the ripple effect in supply chains due to circular flows embedded chain design. Although are complex and nonlinear, exist real-world but often unknown or hidden managers. These when a Tier 2 supplier is also 3 (or higher) network. Additionally, network can occur customer same In presence of these types structures, may experience disruption propagation) which disruptions impa...

We thoroughly investigate the downlink beamforming problem of a two-tier network in a reversed time-division duplex (R-TDD) system, where the interference leakage from a tier-2 base station (BS) towards nearby uplink tier-1 BSs is controlled through pricing. We show that soft interference control through the pricing mechanism does not undermine the ability to regulate interference leakage while...

Supplier-Customer relationships, considered as veritable sites of investment by the marketing firm, evolve over time to condition the position of the firm in its market, providing its strategic identity. This evolution is strongly influenced by less tangible elements intrinsically linked to exchanges taking place over time : the relationship " atmosphere " , often discussed in the literature re...

Supplier selection is one of the most critical activities of purchasing management in supply chain and managers increasingly face sourcing decisions of how to selected suppliers. This paper illustrates the development of a sourcing decision that provides support for the buyer firm in supply chain.The models developed here, involved selecting between single and dual sourcing. Outside and local s...

In this paper, the authors analyze 91 key account relationships and 206 ordinary supplier–buyer dyads regarding differences in suppliers' relational behaviors and customers' perceptions of relationship quality (satisfaction, trust, and commitment). The results suggest that while – as compared to ordinary relationships – suppliers put significantly more effort in “value-creating behaviors” in ke...

As global brands assume more accountability for their extended supply chains, some request that first-tier suppliers in turn adopt sustainable procurement practices, thereby “cascading” sustainability requirements to second-tier suppliers. However, such cascading has not yet become institutionalized. We partnered with a leading electronics company—here called “Tronics”—to investigate which Chin...

In this article, we study an Inventory Routing Problem with deterministic customer demand in a two-tier supply chain. The chain network consists of supplier using single vehicle given capacity to deliver product type multiple customers. We are interested population-based algorithms solve our problem. A Memetic Algorithm (MA) is developed based on the Genetic (GA) and Variable Neighborhood Searc...

This paper provides a novel explanation for the use of supply chain intermediaries such as Li & Fung Ltd.. We find that even in the absence of the well-known transactional and informational advantages of mediation, intermediaries improve supply chain performance. In particular, intermediaries facilitate responsive adaptation of the buyers’ supplier base to their changing needs while simultaneou...

The design of supplier relationship management to facilitate supplier selection using an integrative case based supplier selection and help desk approach to select the most appropriate suppliers together with their past performance records from a case base warehouse has become a promising solution for manufacturers to identify preferred suppliers and trading partners to form a supply network on...