Increasing evidence showed that Toll-like receptors (TLR), key receptors in innate immunity, play a role in cancer progression and development but activation of different TLRs might exhibit the exact opposite outcome, antitumor or protumor effects. TLR function has been extensively studied in innate immune cells, so we investigated the role of TLR signaling in breast cancer epithelial cells. We...

WINNING ABSTRACT: The etiology of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is unclear. It is supposed to be the product of an exogenous antigenic stimulus, such as tobacco smoke, and an endogenous genetic susceptibility. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are signal molecules, essential for the cellular response to bacterial cell wall components. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binds to TLR4 and two different p...

OBJECTIVE The transmembrane receptor family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play a role in initiating early inflammatory and functional responses to danger signals arising from ischemia-reperfusion and inflammatory stimuli. We determined whether Toll-like receptors are expressed in cardiac tissue and whether stimulation with cognate ligands would result in a pro-inflammatory response and decr...

Over the past decade, emerging evidence has linked alterations in the gut microbial composition to a wide range of diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major mediators for the interactions between gut microbiota and host innate immune system, which is involved in the localization and structuring of host gut microbiota. A pre...

Abstract A leaky gut has been linked to numerous autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We had previously reported significant upregulation of anti-flagellin antibodies in the blood SLE patients and lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice, which led our hypothesis that a drove through bacterial flagellin-mediated activation toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Here, we investigated initia...