There is growing evidence that the pathogenesis of retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a significant chronic inflammatory component. A vital part cascade through activation pattern recognition receptors (PRR) toll-like (TLR). Here, we reviewed past current literature to ascertain cumulative knowledge regarding effect TLRs on develop...

the role of microbiota in health and disease is the subject of rigorous investigation. several studies have demonstrated that microbiota and the pattern-recognition receptors contribute to intestinal tumourigenesis; the exact mechanism of which is still obscure. myd88 is the downstream effector of all toll-like receptors (tlrs) except tlr3. however, the alternative myd88-independent pathway is ...

INTRODUCTION: Total hip replacement (THR) is a procedure that reliably provides pain relief and improves daily activity for patients suffering from destructive end stage hip joint disease. The main long-term complication of THR surgery is prosthetic loosening often combined with osteolysis. The causes of loosening are mainly divided into two major categories. One is the septic loosening caused ...

Epithelial cells (ECs) continuously interact with microorganisms and detect their presence via different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Ligation of epithelial TLRs by pathogens is usually associated with the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial factors. In this study, using human airway ECs as a model, we found that detection of m...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary sensors that detect a wide variety of microbial components involving induction of innate immune responses. After recognition of microbial components, TLRs trigger the activation of myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta (TRIF)-dependent downstream signaling pathways. ...

CD8+ T cells are critical to combat pathogens and eradicate malignantly transformed cells. To exert their effector function kill target cells, produce copious amounts of molecules, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon ?, tumour necrosis factor ? interleukin 2. TCR triggering alone is sufficient induce cytokine secretion by memory However, can also be directly activated pathogen-d...

Abstract The innate immune system is activated by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like (TLRs), which differentiate between self and non-self recognizing distinct molecular structures on pathogens. As this process threatens pathogen survival in the host, bacteria have developed mechanisms to combat this. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) express Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) d...

Abstract The innate immune system is equipped with multiple receptors to detect microbial nucleic acids and induce type I interferon (IFN) restrict viral replication. When dysregulated these receptor pathways inflammation in response host promote development persistence of autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). IFN production regulated by the Interferon Regulatory Factor (...

Moraxella catarrhalis is a gram negative bacterium and a leading causative agent of otitis media (OM) in children. Several recent reports have provided strong evidence for an association between toll like receptors and OM. It has been found that both Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae activate host protective immune responses through toll like receptors (TLRs), howe...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in shaping the host immune response to infection and inflammation. Tissue hypoxia is a common microenvironmental feature of infected and inflamed tissues. Furthermore, hypoxia significantly impacts the development of immune and inflammatory responses through the regulation of host innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we will discuss current knowl...