We study the potential for molecule recycling in chemical reaction systems and their DNA strand displacement realizations. Recycling happens when a product of one reaction is a reactant in a later reaction. Recycling has the benefits of reducing consumption, or waste, of molecules and of avoiding fuel depletion. We present a binary counter that recycles molecules efficiently while incurring jus...

The main result of this paper is the development of a novel, highly compact implementation of the general (m,n)-parallel counter (ie. population counter) based on Self-Timed Threshold Logic (STTL). The presented method is a modification of the Minnick counter. The novel feature of the design is the sharing among all threshold-gates of a single capacitive network for computing the weighted sum o...

In Parkinson's disease (PD), alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can be detected in biological fluids including saliva. Although previous studies found reduced a-syn total (a-syntotal) concentration in saliva of PD patients, no studies have previously examined salivary a-syn oligomers (a-synolig) concentrations or assessed the correlation between salivary a-syntotal, a-synolig and clinical features in a la...

This paper optimizes the performance of the growing cell structures (GCS) model in learning topology and vector quantization. Each node in GCS is attached with a resource counter. During the competitive learning process, the counter of the best-matching node is increased by a defined resource measure after each input presentation, and then all resource counters are decayed by a factor alpha. We...

Although step counters are increasingly being used in walking programmes to promote sedentary behavior changes in adults, their effectiveness remains unknown. The aim of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to assess the effectiveness of step counter use in reducing sedentary time among adults.English-language RCTs from 3 databases were searched up to December 2014. Stu...

To test the hypothesis that changes in the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) and the beta(2)-adrenoceptor (beta(2)-AR) contribute significantly to the abnormal glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle from patients with Type II diabetes, we have examined (1) the levels of total GCR (alpha+beta isoforms), the alpha/alpha 2 isoform of GCR and beta(2)-AR mRNAs in skeletal muscle from in...

Stochastic systems that undergo random restarts to their initial state have been widely investigated in recent years, both theoretically and experiments. Oftentimes, however, resetting a fixed is impossible due thermal noise or other limitations. As result, the system configuration after event random. Here, we consider such protocol for an overdamped Brownian particle confining potential $V(x)$...