It is proposed that our understanding of medieval town foundation is limited by a failure to appreciate that ‘town’ is a relational category. It is argued that urban character emerges from social relations, with some sets of social relationship revealing urbanity and others not, as places develop along distinctive, but related, trajectories. This argument is developed through the application of...

The Nancy 2 University is a medium size institution located in the East of France. The facilities and buildings of the University are distributed in several sites in Nancy and its suburbs with some offshoots in other towns of the Lorraine region. It enrols some 20 000 students involved in Humanities, management, Law, computer science. The user base varies in its academic levels and computer lit...

The international research network, Gender in the European Town, funded by the Danish Research council, has brought together new and established scholars from twelve countries to explore the place of gender in three interrelated areas that shaped the development of the earlymodern town: the economy, politics and civic identity, and real and imagined space. This workshop will draw upon the exten...

The paper describes a method to understand time required to vaccinate against viruses in total as well as subpopulations. As a demonstration, a model based estimate for time required to vaccinate H1N1 in India, given its administrative difficulties is provided. We have proved novel theorems for the time functions defined in the paper. Such results are useful in planning for future epidemics. Th...

Immigration is often thought of as a problem primarily for large metropolitan areas. However, much of the recent literature dealing with the meat processing industry focuses on the migration it generates toward small, rural towns in the American Midwest. The prior studies frequently use a qualitative method. The primary goal of this study was to explore the characteristics of new arrivals to tw...