In response to concerns over hazardous chemicals in children's products, Washington State passed the Children's Safe Product Act (CSPA). CSPA requires manufacturers to report the concentration of 66 chemicals in children's products. We describe a framework for the toxicological prioritization of the ten chemical groups most frequently reported under CSPA. The framework scores lifestage, exposur...

Genetically modified plants can be altered for agronomic traits, such as virus-, insector herbicide tolerance, and for quality traits, such as enhanced or altered nutritional properties. The genes introduced into the plant may result in the synthesis of new substances that are conventional components of plant foods such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, or vitamins that are novel in the context...

Presently, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are used in a wide variety of commercial applications, resulting in an uncontrolled introduction into the aquatic environment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathways and factors that controlling the transport and toxicity of five extensively used ENMs. These toxicological pathways are of great importance and need to be addressed for su...

Excess exposure to the metalloid selenium (Se), a trace element with both toxicological and nutritional properties, has been implicated in the etiology of a human motor neuron disease of unknown origin and extremely severe prognosis, sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This relation has been suggested on the basis of two epidemiologic investigations which found an increased risk of AL...

BACKGROUND Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) incorporated into toner formulations of printing equipment become airborne during consumer use. Although information on the complex physicochemical and toxicological properties of both toner powders and printer-emitted particles (PEPs) continues to grow, most toxicological studies have not used the actual PEPs but rather have primarily used raw toner p...

Despite early warnings of lead toxicity, until recently this metal was added to a variety of consumer and industrial products. Today, thousands of children in the United States, and probably tens of thousands more worldwide, are suffering the consequences of exposure to lead. The lead story looms as major public policy failure that will eventually cost billions of dollars to remedy. Little is k...

The new scientific innovation of engineering nanoparticles (NPs) at the atomic scale of 100 nm or less, has led to numerous novel and useful wide applications in electronics, chemicals, environmental protection, biological medicine. Manufacturers and consumers of the nanoparticles-related industrial products however, are likely to be exposed to these engineered nanomaterials which have various ...

Aldicarb, the active ingredient in the insecticide TEMIK, was introduced to the agricultural community over 25 years ago. It has been registered worldwide to control a wide variety of insect, mite, and nematode pests in agriculture. The toxicological research database supporting the registration and use of aldicarb was generated over more than 25 years and contains more than 280 animal studies ...

In the past few decades, single enantiomers and stereoisomers have overtaken achiral molecules in the percentage of approved drugs in the market. Because isomers can have different biological/pharmacological/toxicological properties, authorities such as the European Pharmacopoeia and the FDA have asserted escalated emphasis on controlling isomer content in drug compounds and require that stereo...

salvia leriifolia benth. (vernacular names such as nuruozak and jobleh) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows exclusively in south and tropical regions of khorasan and semnan provinces, i. r. iran. unlike other species of salvia genus, the chemical constituents of s. leriifolia are not well recognized. the stem oil of the plant consisted mainly both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, while i...