Introduction: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus pesticide that is commonly used in agriculture. This toxin is harmful to a wide range of organisms, including living organisms, useful arthropods, fish, birds, humans, animals, and plants. There are many physical, chemical, and biological methods for the removal of organophosphorus pesticides from ecosystems, among which biodegradation is prefer...

In this review, we highlight recent work that has increased our understanding of the production and distribution of Shiga toxin in the environment. Specifically, we review studies that offer an expanded view of environmental reservoirs for Shiga toxin producing microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We then relate the abundance of Shiga toxin in the environment to work that demonstrate...

Abstract Diphtheria is a respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Although development of toxin-based vaccine in 1930s has allowed high level control over disease, cases have increased recent years. Here, we describe genomic variation 502 C. isolates across 16 countries and territories 122 We generate core gene phylogeny determine presence antimicrobial resistan...

Pertussis toxin is transported across the outer membrane of Bordetella pertussis by the type IV secretion system known as the Ptl transporter, which is composed of nine different proteins. In order to determine the relative levels of production of pertussis toxin subunits and Ptl proteins in B. pertussis, we constructed translational fusions of the gene for alkaline phosphatase, phoA, with vari...

Abstract African lungfish estivate every dry season to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. The estivation process is associated with a drastic remodeling of the skin characterized by severe inflammation, granulocyte infiltration, epithelial damage and stem cell depletion which ultimately lead formation cocoon potent antimicrobial functions. We recently identified novel toxin molecule ...

A total of 429 different Staphylococcus aureus isolates encompassing 219 blood isolates and 210 isolates taken from anterior nares were systematically searched by two multiplex PCR-DNA enzyme immunoassays (PCR-DEIA) for exfoliative toxin (ET) genes eta and etb, as well as for the classical members of the pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg) gene family comprising the staphylococcal enterotoxin ...

aim : the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and shiga toxin producing e. coli (stec) strains in healthy broilers in iran.   background : stec and epec strains as diarrheagenic e. coli are among the most prevalent causative agents in acute diarrhea. domestic animals, mainly cattle and sheep, have been implicated as the principal r...

The aim was to decipher the temporal impact of key interacting climate change (CC) abiotic factors temperature (30 vs 37 °C), water activity (aw; 0.985 0.930) and CO2 exposure (400 1000 ppm) on (a) growth Aspergillus flavus effects (b) gene expression a structural (aflD) regulatory (aflR) involved in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis (c) AFB1 production yeast extract sucrose medium over period 1...

The molecular mechanisms of insect resistance to Cry toxins generated from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) urgently need be elucidated enable improvement and sustainability Bt-based products. Although downregulation expression midgut receptor genes is a pivotal mechanism Bt toxins, underlying transcriptional regulation these remains elusive. Herein, we unraveled regulatory ABC transpo...