The upcoming European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is one of the more controversial climate policy instruments. Predictions about its likely impact and its performance can at present only be made to a certain degree. As long as the National Allocations Plans are not finally settled, the overall supply of allowances is not determined. In this paper we identify key features and key impacts of t...

The upcoming European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is one of the more controversial climate policy instruments. Predictions about its likely impact and its performance can at present only be made to a certain degree. As long as the National Allocations Plans are not finally settled the overall supply of allowances is not determined. In this paper, we will identify key features and key impacts...

This paper examines the impact of an emissions trading scheme (ETS) on industry output, price, costs, emissions, market shares, and pro…ts. We develop formulae for the number of emissions permits that have to be freely allocated to …rms in order to neutralize any adverse impact the ETS may have on pro…ts. Under quite general conditions, industry pro…ts are preserved so long as …rms are freely a...

Current policies in the road transport sector fail to deliver consistent and efficient incentives for greenhouse gas abatement (see companion article by Creutzig et al., in press). Market-based instruments such as cap-and-trade systems close this policy gap and complement traditional policies that are required where specific market failures arise. Even in presence of strong existing non-market ...

In this scenario the EU27 undertakes a GHG mitigation policy based on the unilateral EU27 20/20 climate action. In particular, the EU has committed itself to reducing its GHG emissions by 20% (compared to 1990 levels) and to increasing the share of RES in final energy demand to 20% by 2020. The GHG target is split to a 21% reduction in the ETS sectors and a virtual 10% reduction in the non-ETS ...

Theories of intellectual property take the individual inventor or the firm as the unit of innovation. But studies in economic sociology show that in complex fields where knowledge is rapidly advancing and widely dispersed among different firms, the locus of innovation is neither an individual nor a single firm. Rather, innovative ideas originate in the informal networks of learning and collabor...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa background: cigarette smoke contains many oxidants and may alter the human reproduction by inducing oxidative stress (os) in both active and passive smokers. this study was designed to evaluate the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ets) exposure on oxidative stress in the follicular follicle and the assisted reproduction outcomes. materials and...