BACKGROUND Tramadol is an analgesic drug, and its mechanism of action is believed to be mediated by the mu-opioid receptor. A further action of tramadol has been identified as blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT). One of the most recently identified subtypes of 5-HT receptor is the 5-HT7 receptor. Thus, the authors aimed to examine the potential role of serotonergic descending bulbospinal ...

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the pre-emptive analgesic effects of Tramadol and Lornoxicam. Materials and Methods: Fifty women of ASA (American society of anaesthesiologists) class I and II, who were undergoing gynaecological surgeries under Regional subarachinoid block anaesthesia, were assigned in a randomized manner into two groups. Group T received a single IV...

Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting, opiate-like analgesic that is structurally related to codeine and morphine. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its major active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1) in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). A single dose of tramadol was administered orally in fish at 2 mg/kg to a to...

In most cancer patients, pain is successfully treated with pharmacological measures using opioid analgesics for moderate to severe pain (strong opioids) alone or in combination with adjuvant analgesics (coanalgesics). Opioids for mild to moderate pain (weak opioids) are usually recommended in the treatment of cancer pain of mild to moderate intensity. There is a debate whether the second step o...

BACKGROUND Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic prescribed off-label for the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). However, tramadol may cause addiction and difficulty in breathing and the beneficial effect of tramadol in PE is yet not supported by a high level of evidence. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) for tra...

The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic efficacy of tramadol administrated preemptively or preventively in the earlier period of lumpectomy. Four hundred American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II patients, undergoing lumpectomy, were screened and 317 were randomly assigned into one of two groups. In the preemptive tramadol (n = 158) group, patients received...

A rapid, selective and precise high performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Tramadol Hcl and Paracetamol in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of Chloroform: Ethanol (7:3 v/v). This system was found to give com...

OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and side effects related to Tramadol with Pethidine in patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after total abdominal hysterectomies. METHODS A total of 60 patients were randomized to receive either Tramadol or Pethidine by PCIA (30 in each group) after total abdominal hysterectomy. Pain assessments were recorded one hour after starting the PCIA and th...

Local administration of exogenous opioids may cause effective analgesia without adverse symptoms from the central nervous system. Experiments show that peripheral antinociceptive effect of opioids is observed especially in inflammatory pain. The aim of the research was to estimate the effect of tramadol on nociceptive process at the level of peripheral nervous system, after its local administra...

BACKGROUND Data on contributors to between-individual variability in overall tramadol clearance and O-demethyl tramadol (M1) formation in preterm neonates and young infants are limited. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic analysis of tramadol and M1 was undertaken using non-linear mixed effects model. Covariate analysis included weight, postmenstrual age (PMA), postnatal age (PNA), creatinae...