Reiterated since the 1960s by consecutive yet ideologically different federal administrations, Brazilian resistance to international investor-State dispute resolution has been taken for granted in many arbitral circles, especially due a perception that Latin American country adhered Calvo and Drago Doctrines. This paper questions those assumptions as it analyzes neglected awards issued 1916 191...

This paper examines the evolution of Sydney trams using network econometrics approaches. Network extends spatial by developing weight matrices based on physical structure network, allowing for competing and complementary elements to have distinct effects. research establishes a digitized database historical tramway providing complete set geo-referenced data opening closing year frequencies time...

In the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) context, issue of broadband connected trains presents a number technical and economic problems. Such links would be benefit for both passengers security needs. Several solutions are available, in particular wireless ones like Wireless Access Vehicular Environments (WAVE), Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5G, but we explore here feasibility achieving this conne...

This paper proposes a hierarchical energy control strategy for hybrid dual fuel cell/battery tramway, combining online and offline optimization methods while considering the battery’s dynamic behavior. In upper layer, an band-pass filter-based extremum-seeking (BFESC) is employed to estimate reference power between cell system battery. addition, behavior considered penalty function of BFESC mai...

An urban low-height barrier meant to attenuate tramway noise for nearby walking pedestrians or cyclists is considered. The efficiency of this type of device is known to depend on the shape of the cross section and the acoustic properties of the surface treatment. Some sort of absorptive material is often required to enhance the performance by preventing the multi-reflection phenomenon, however ...