Bang-Bang clock and data recovery (BBCDR) circuits are hard nonlinear systems due to the nonlinearity introduced by the binary phase detector (BPD). The specification of the CDR frequency response is determined by jitter tolerance and jitter transfer. In this paper, jitter transfer and jitter tolerance of the second-order BBCDR are characterized by formulating the time domain waveforms. As a re...

The conversion of phase variations in an optical wavefield into intensity information is fundamental importance for imaging technology including microscopy biological cells. While conventional approaches to phase-imaging commonly rely on bulky components or computational post processing, meta-optical devices have recently demonstrated all-optical, ultracompact image processing methods. Here we ...

Heat and mass transfer phenomena that take place during frying cause physicochemical changes, which affect the colour and surface of the fried products. The effect of frying temperature on the colour changes and heat transfer during deep fat frying of garlic has been investigated. The colour scale parameters redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and lightness (L*), and color change intensity (∆E) were ...

This paper presents a practical implementation for a new formula of nonlinear PID (NPID) control. The purpose of the controller is to accurately trace a preselected position reference of one stage servomechanism system. The possibility of developing a transfer function model for experimental setup is elusive because of the lack of system data. So, the identified model has been developed via gat...

in this paper, construction rules of the root locus of a positive feedback system whose loop transfer function is not strictly proper have been investigated. the root locus method is being used since 1950. it is demonstrated that some of the steps in this technique are not general and for a positive feedback system whose loop transfer function is not strictly proper are not valid. to overcome t...

Background: Ensuring adequate depth of anesthesia during surgery is essential for anesthesiologists to prevent the occurrence of unwanted alertness during surgery or failure to return to consciousness. Since the purpose of using anesthetics is to affect the central nervous system, brain signal processing such as electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to predict different levels of anesthesia....