Evoked potential was recorded by needle electrode from the oculomotor nucleus in decerebrate cats, following electrical stimulation of the inferior oblique nerve. The evoked potential was usually triphasic, but complex potential with the second and third negative leaves, or with long latency negative waves, was incidentally recorded depending upon the position of the recording electrode. In the...

During development axons contact their target tissues with phenomenal accuracy but the mechanisms that control this homing behaviour remain largely elusive. A prerequisite to the study of the factors involved in hard-wiring the nervous system during neurogenesis is an accurate calendar of developmental events. We have studied the maxillary and mandibular components of the trigeminal system to d...

BACKGROUND Inflammation and pain associated with temporomandibular joint disorder, a chronic disease that affects 15% of the adult population, involves activation of trigeminal ganglion nerves and development of peripheral and central sensitization. Natural products represent an underutilized resource in the pursuit of safe and effective ways to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. The goal of ...

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to image pain-associated activity in three levels of the neuraxis: the medullary dorsal horn, thalamus, and primary somatosensory cortex. In nine subjects, noxious thermal stimuli (46 degrees C) were applied to the facial skin at sites within the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V1, V2, and V3) and also to the ipsilateral thumb. Anatomical ...

BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide released from trigeminal nerves, is implicated in the underlying pathology of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD). Elevated levels of CGRP in the joint capsule correlate with inflammation and pain. CGRP mediates neurogenic inflammation in peripheral tissues by increasing blood flow, recruiting immune cells, and activating sens...

The mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors are the three main types of opioid receptors found in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. These receptors and the peptides with which they interact are important in a number of physiological functions, including analgesia, respiration, and hormonal regulation. This study examines the expression of mu, delta, and kappa receptor mRNAs in the r...

8 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is regarded as a key mediator in the 9 generation of primary headaches. CGRP receptor antagonists reduced migraine pain 10 in clinical trials and spinal trigeminal activity in animal experiments. The site of CGRP 11 receptor inhibition causing these effects is debated. Activation and inhibition of CGRP 12 receptors in the trigeminal ganglion may influenc...