Systemic administration of amphetamine results in increases in the release of acetylcholine in the cortex. Basal forebrain mediation of this effect was examined in three experiments using microdialysis in freely-moving rats. Experiment 1 examined whether dopamine receptor activity within the basal forebrain was necessary for amphetamine-induced increase in cortical acetylcholine by examining wh...

Hypothesized circuitry enabling information storage can be tested by attempting to implant memory directly in the brain in the absence of normal experience. Previously, we found that tone paired with activation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) does induce behavioral memory that shares cardinal features with natural memory; it is associative, highly specific, rapidly formed, consolidates ...

BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation has recently been considered a potential therapy in improving memory function. It has been shown that a change of neurotransmitters has an effect on memory function. However, much about the exact underlying neural mechanism is not yet completely understood. We therefore examined changes in neurotransmitter systems and spatial memory caused by stimulation of nuc...

The egg parasitoids Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) and mitsukurii (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) are the most effective biocontrol agents of invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in its native range (east Asia). T. sympatric areas. In northern Italy, where H. is a major fruit orchards, adventive populations both species spreading, artificially released unde...

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and density IgG, vimentin, CD45 in mouse placenta on fourth, tenth, seventeenth days pregnancy. Strept avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (streptABC) staining method used. On fourth day pregnancy, expression more intense around uterine glands. tenth day, vimentin positive cells were demonstrated decidua basalis mesometrial parietal trophob...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan (TDO) are key enzymes for (Trp) degradation in the placenta, that is crucial immune tolerance during pregnancy. Intrauterine renin-angiotensin system also involved progression of a healthy Angiotensin (Ang) (1-7) inhibits pro-inflammatory actions Ang II, maintaining integrity fetal membranes. Since correlation between Trp catabolism intrauterine ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous evidence from MRI and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry suggests cholinergic fibers are affected in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). METHODS As a measure of cholinergic function, we assessed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities in the frontal and temporal neocortices and the immunocyt...

Mechanisms of cognitive decline with aging remain primarily unknown. We determined whether localized cell loss occurred in brain regions associated with age-related cognitive decline in primates. On a task requiring the prefrontal cortex, aged monkeys were impaired in maintaining representations in working memory. Stereological quantification in area 8A, a prefrontal region associated with work...

Pigeons were trained to detect auditory and vibratory stimuli in two separate experiments using an instrumental conditioning procedure. The discriminative stimuli became effective as the subjects grasped a probe with the beak. The pigeons learned to suppress responding upon this grasp-contingent stimulation. Bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis prosencephali (Bas), known to be involved in t...

Little is known about the mechanisms that allow the cortex to selectively improve the neural representations of behaviorally important stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli. Diffuse neuromodulatory systems may facilitate cortical plasticity by acting as teachers to mark important stimuli. This study demonstrates that episodic electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis, paired with an aud...