Objective(s): Lung cancer is the main leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Angiogenesis is the main step in proliferation and spreading of tumor cells. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an effective approach for inhibition of cancer angiogenesis. Nanobodies (NBs) are a novel class of antibodies derived from the camel. Unique characteristics of Nbs like their small size ...

Accumulating evidence attests to the important roles of both macrophages and chemokines in angiogenesis. Tumor-associated macrophages or TAMS constitute the major fraction of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and are recruited by a number of chemoattractants chemoattractants that are produced by the tumor and tumor-associated stroma. This heterogeneous cell population is activated by a variety of s...

Tumor angiogenesis is an important target for cancer therapy, with most current therapies designed to block the VEGF signaling pathway. However, clinical resistance to anti-VEGF therapy highlights the need for targeting additional tumor angiogenesis signaling pathways. The endothelial Notch ligand Dll4 (delta-like 4) has recently emerged as a critical regulator of tumor angiogenesis and thus as...

Sustained angiogenesis, through either local sprouting (angiogenesis) or the recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) (vasculogenesis), is essential to the development of a tumor. How BMDCs are recruited to the tumor and their contribution to the tumor vasculature is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that both IL-8 and angiogenin contribute to the complementary pathways of angioge...

Introduction One essential requirement for solid tumor growth is the ability to acquire an adequate blood supply; therefore, tumor vasculature is in a perpetual state of angiogenesis. Integrin αvβ3 is a well-established biomarker for angiogenesis with overexpression in tumor vasculature and low to no expression in resting endothelial cells. Non-invasive assessment of tumor angiogenesis is impor...

Angiogenesis is a hallmark of solid tumors, and disruption of tumor vasculature is an active anticancer therapy in some cases. Several proteins expressed on the surface of tumor endothelium have been identified during the last decade. However, due to the expression in both physiological and tumor angiogenesis, only a few targets have been developed for clinical therapeutics. By thorough SAGE an...

Angiogenesis, hypoxia and immune cells are important components in tumor microenvironment affecting tumor growth. Here we employed a zebrafish liver tumor model to investigate the effect of Myc expression on angiogenesis, hypoxia and tumor-infiltrated neutrophils during the tumor initiation stage. We found that induced Myc expression in the liver caused a dramatic increase of liver size with ne...

Changes in distal angiogenesis in response to irradiation of primary tumors are not known. To this end, PC-3, a human prostate carcinoma, and FSA-II, a murine fibrosarcoma, were grown in the gastrocnemius muscles of male nude mice. Distal angiogenesis was measured in gel containing human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor placed in the cranial windows of these mice. PC-3-bearing mice sh...

Blood and lymphatic vessels in tumor tissue are major components of the tumor microenvironment. These vessels are newly formed from pre-existing host vessels stimulated by pro-blood-angiogenic and pro-lymph-angiogenic (pro-blood/lymph-angiogenic) factors expressed in tumor cells. Tumor cells establish a specific stromal microenvironment fostering tumor growth, in which blood/lymph-angiogenesis ...

Protein kinase D isoenzymes (PKDs, Prkds) are serine threonine kinases that belong to the CAMK superfamily. PKD1 is expressed in endothelial cells and is a major mediator of biological responses downstream of the VEGFRs that are relevant for angiogenesis such as endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tubulogenesis in vitro. PKDs also play a critical role in tumor development and progress...