The biological behaviors of ribozymes, riboswitches, and numerous other functional RNA molecules are critically dependent on their tertiary folding and their ability to sample multiple functional states. The conformational heterogeneity and partially folded nature of most of these states has rendered their characterization by high-resolution structural approaches difficult or even intractable. ...

Female Wistar rats with different thyroid status (eu-, hypothyroid) were exposed to 0, 3 or 30 mg/kg body weight of the flame retardant HBCD for 7 days. Changes in protein patterns obtained by 2D-DIGE were evaluated, and different animal groups compared taking into account their exposure and thyroid status. Proteins significantly altered in abundance in any of these comparisons were identified ...

A clone of recombinant virus obtained from the cross between WSN and Hong Kong strains of influenza virus gave rise to progeny containing predominantly von Magnus particles. In the electropherogram of virus RNA, the P3 gene was markedly diminished, and a new species of RNA (extra RNA) was present in addition to eight gene segments. The origin of the extra RNA was studied by two-dimensional gel ...

A major difficulty in the use of two-dimensional protein maps to identify and classify cell types is the problem of acquiring, selecting, and analyzing quantitative data on hundreds of protein spots. Here we use methods of multivariate statistics to analyze the differences among a panel of human cell lines, in some cases involving quantitative data on more than 250 proteins. Principal-component...

Gonadal protein patterns of the mouse were studied during fetal development by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Fetal mice at days 8.5, 10.5, 12.5, and 14.5 post-coitum were analyzed for male or female specific proteins. Although no sex specific proteins were found, several proteins were found which were expressed in significantly different amounts in the two sexes at about the time of gona...

The developmentally regulated gene dofA, identified from pulse-labeling experiments by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and its homologue, dofB, were cloned and characterized in Myxococcus xanthus. Deletion of dofA and dofB did not affect the vegetative growth and development of M. xanthus. dofA was specifically expressed during development, while dofB expression was observed during vegetat...

Male Wistar rats with different thyroid status (eu-, hypothyroid) were exposed to 0, 3 or 30 mg/kg body weight of the flame retardant HBCD for 7 days and obtained data compared with a previous study in females, "Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) induced changes in the liver proteome of eu- and hypothyroid female rats" (Miller et al., 2016) [1]. Specifically, proteomic investigation of liver protein...

Molecular biomarkers are keys to the development of new diagnostic protocols and therapies. Recently, significant research effort has been devoted to the development of these biomarkers using various approaches. Perhaps the most promising approach is disease proteomics. This method involves analyzing and identifying changes in the expression pattern at the protein level in the diseased conditio...

Methodologies for the global analysis of proteins in a sample, or proteome analysis, have been available since 1975 when Patrick O'Farrell published the first paper describing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). This technique allowed the resolution of single protein isoforms, or proteoforms, into single 'spots' in a polyacrylamide gel, allowing the quantitation of changes in a prote...

This mini-review summarizes techniques applied in, and results obtained with, proteomic studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-T cell interaction. Our group previously reported on the use of two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled to matrix assisted laser-desorption time of flight peptide mass fingerprint analysis, to study T cell responses upon HIV-1 ...