A digraph G = (V, E) with a distinguished set T ⊆ V of terminals is called inner Eulerian if for each v ∈ V − T the numbers of arcs entering and leaving v are equal. By a T -path we mean a simple directed path connecting distinct terminals with all intermediate nodes in V −T . This paper concerns the problem of finding a maximum T -path packing, i.e. a maximum collection of arc-disjoint T -path...

Carboxypeptidase E is a member of the carboxypeptidase A and B gene family, with many of the putative active-site and substrate-binding residues conserved between these enzymes. However, the pH optimum of carboxypeptidase E is substantially lower than that of carboxypeptidases A and B. To evaluate whether the difference in the pH optima of these carboxypeptidases reflects fundamental difference...

Florian Girelli, ∗ Tomasz Konopka, 2, † Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman, ‡ and Etera R. Livine 4, § Perimeter Institute, 31 Caroline Street North Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 2Y5 University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Wroc law, Pl. Maxa Borna 9, Pl–50-204 Wroc law, Poland Laboratoire de Physique, ENS Lyon, CNRS UM...

Given a graph G, a subset M of V (G) is a module of G if for each v ∈ V (G) ∖M , v is adjacent to all the elements of M or adjacent to none of them. For instance, V (G), ∅ and {v} (v ∈ V (G)) are modules of G called trivial. Given a graph G, ωM(G) (respectively αM(G)) denotes the largest integer m such that there is a module M of G which is a clique (respectively a stable) set in G with ∣M ∣ = ...

Over 50 allelic variants of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) encoding fully functional, reduced-activity, or nonfunctional proteins have been described. Compared with Caucasians, studies in black populations demonstrate a tendency toward slower CYP2D6 activity, attributed in part to the presence of a variant allele associated with reduced activity, the CYP2D6*17 allele. To investigate the kinetic c...

Using a chemically defined reconstitution system, we performed a systematic study of key factors in the regulation of the Ca-ATPase by phospholamban (PLB). We varied both the lipid/protein and PLB/Ca-ATPase ratios, determined the effects of PLB phosphorylation, and compared the regulatory effects of several PLB mutants, as a function of Ca concentration. The reconstitution system allowed us to ...

Myocardial oxygen consumption was measured in 11 anesthetized, open-chest dogs in order to compare in the same heart the relative influence on oxygen usage of tension development and the contractile or inotropic state, as reflected in V(max.) the maximum velocity of shortening of the unloaded contractile elements. The isovolumetrically contracting left ventricle was studied with left ventricula...

The force-velocity properties of skeletal muscle have an important influence on locomotor performance. All skeletal muscles produce less force the faster they shorten and typically develop maximal power at velocities of approximately 30% of maximum shortening velocity (V(max)). We used direct measurements of muscle mechanical function in two ankle extensor muscles of wild turkeys to test the hy...

Recent advances in reinforcement learning have yielded several PAC-MDP algorithms that, using the principle of optimism in the face of uncertainty, are guaranteed to act nearoptimally with high probability on all but a polynomial number of samples. Unfortunately, many of these algorithms, such as R-MAX, perform poorly in practice because their initial exploration in each state, before the assoc...