Analysis of velocity acceleration proximal to a regurgitant valve has been proposed as a method to quantify the regurgitant flow rate (Q.). Previous work has assumed inviscid flow through an infinitesimal orifice, predicting hemispheric isovelocity shells, with calculated flow rate given by QC=2rrN2vN, where VN is user-selected velocity of interest and rN is the distance from that velocity to t...

Background Regurgitation of the left atrio-ventricular valve (LAVV) is common after atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) correction and up to 15% of the patients require surgery of the LAVV during follow-up. Reliable quantification of LAVV regurgitation after AVSD correction is essential for indicating surgical correction, but has shown to be difficult using echocardiography. 4DFlow MRI with r...

Paraprosthetic regurgitation occurs in approximately 7%–17% of patients undergoing mitral valve replacement and 2%–10% of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement1,2. Typically, this regurgitation is discrete and does imply major clinical complications; however, when it is moderate or severe, the consequences can be serious, leading to heart failure and/or hemolysis3,4. It is estimated that...

Introduction Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a complex disease which is rare in childhood and can present insidiously. Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE) is a recognised cardiac manifestation of SLE with valvular abnormalities that are clinically silent prior to significant valve dysfunction. Multiple reports have associated isolated mitral regurgitation with SLE and the presence of antiphosp...

Implantation of pacemakers can be challenging in the context of dilated cardiac chambers and valvular regurgitation. We report a difficult case of single chamber pacemaker implantation in a patient with restrictrive cardiomyopathy resulting in grossly enlarged atria and severe tricuspid regurgitation. In this situation, use of a slittable guiding sheath, more typically used for coronary sinus l...

The evolution of echocardiography from 2-Dimensional Transthoracic Echo through to real time 3-Dimensional Transoesophageal Echo has enabled more accurate visualisation and quantification of valvular disorders especially prosthetic mitral valve paravalvular regurgitation. However, validation of accuracy is rarely confirmed by surgical or post-mortem specimens. We present a case directly compari...

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) removes the valvular impedance associated with aortic stenosis but can be complicated by significant aortic regurgitation. Using cardiovascular magnetic resonance we assessed the change in trans-aortic pressure gradient and regurgitant fraction 6 months post-TAVI and compared this to a surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) cohort. TAVI was super...

A 62-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of recent-onset dyspnoea at rest and a newly found systolic heart murmur, heard best at the apex of the heart. The patient's history was notable for surgical mitral valve replacement 3 years ago, due to severe mitral regurgitation (myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve). The transthoracic echocardiogram gave the impression of a mitral regurg...

There is a growing appreciation for the adverse long-term impact of right-sided valvular dysfunction in patients with congenital heart disease. Although right-sided valvular stenosis and/or regurgitation is often better tolerated than left-sided valvular dysfunction in the short and intermediate term, the long-term consequences are numerous and include, but are not limited to, arrhythmias, hear...