The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) projects that the spatial resolution of features in integrated circuits will eventually be well at nanoscopic dimensions. As a result, there is, presently, an active interest in the design of nano-scale circuit elements such as transistors, resistors, and “capacitors”. As with all circuit elements, the materials for fabrication of n...

We show experimental switching data on microscale capacitors of lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT), which reveal time-resolved domain behavior during switching on a 100 ns scale. For small circular capacitors, an unswitched domain remains in the center while complete switching is observed in square capacitors. The observed effect is attributed to the formation of a vortex domain during polarization ...

This paper proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization method for optimal placement of capacitors in radial distribution system. Because of simple design and low cost radial distribution systems are more popular. But in distribution system, when buses moved away from the substation, the voltage drop increases and losses are also high. Lack of reactive power is the reason for voltage drops and high l...

DC-link capacitors are an important part in the majority of power electronic converters which contribute to cost, size and failure rate on a considerable scale. From capacitor users’ viewpoint, this paper presents a review on the improvement of reliability of DC-link in power electronic converters from two aspects: 1) reliability-oriented DC-link design solutions; 2) conditioning monitoring of ...

We propose here a time-domain shooting algorithm for calculating the steady-state responses of nonlinear RF circuits containing parasitic elements that is based on both a modified Newton and a secant methods. Bipolar transistors and MOSFETs in ICs have small parasitic capacitors among their terminals. We can not neglect them because they will gives large effects to the shooting algorithm at the...

The ever-growing price of precious metals has promoted the widespread use of nickel and copper in the internal electrodes and end terminations of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). While these base metal electrode (BME) capacitors are less expensive than capacitors made with palladium and silver/palladium, their unique production process produces an identifiable wear-out mechanism. Highly a...

Capacitors in power systems are generally used to supply reactive power to reduces losses and improvement of the voltage profile.The appropriate placement of capacitors is also important to ensure that system power losses and total capacitor costs can be reduced. This paper presents a new constraint objective cost function to maximize the net annual savings by minimizing real power loss and opt...

The modular multilevel converter is capable to reach high-voltage levels with high flexibility, reliability, and power quality as it became the standard solution for high-power applications that operate fixed frequency. However, in machine-drive applications, shows critical problems since an extremely submodule-capacitor voltage ripple occurs machine start-up at low-speed operation, which can d...

The purpose of this report is to prove the following theorem. THEOREM: The smallest (nonzero) natural frequency that one can realize from a set of positive capacitors C1, ... Cm and a set of positive inductors L . . Ln results when one 1. connects the capacitors in parallel to produce a capacitance C = C1 .. + Cm• 2. connects the inductors in a series to produce an inductance L s = L 1 ... + Ln...