Developmental constraints and trade-offs can limit diversity, but organisms have repeatedly evolved morphological innovations that overcome these limits by expanding the range and functionality of traits. Iridescent colours in birds are commonly produced by melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) organized into nanostructured arrays within feather barbules. Variation in array type (e.g. mul...

This paper presents the first evidence of tetrachromacy among invertebrates. The Japanese yellow swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, uses colour vision when foraging. The retina of Papilio is furnished with eight varieties of spectral receptors of six classes that are the ultraviolet (UV), violet, blue (narrow-band and wide-band), green (single-peaked and double-peaked), red and broad-band c...

In this research we described the effective Hamiltonian theory and applied this theory to the calculation of current-current (Q1,2) and QCD penguin (Q3,…,6) c quark decay rates. We calculated the decay rates of semileptonic and hadronic of charm quark in the effective Hamiltonian theory. We investigated the decay rates of D meson decays according to Spectator Quark Model (SQM) for the calculati...

Abstract. The new mineral species freitalite, C14H10, corresponding to the aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene, has been discovered on mine dump of Königin Carola shaft (also named Paul Berndt Mine), Freital, near Dresden, Saxony, Germany. forms thin blades or flakes irregular shape up a few millimetres in size and shows an intense violet whitish-violet white colour. Freitalite is product pyrolysis...

The development of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet is described, for the accurate calculation of CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) 1931 xy chromaticity coordinates and luminance data from visible region absorption spectra recorded in transmission mode. Using firmly established CIE principles, absorbance-wavelength data from visible spectra recorded using a Hewlett Packard 8452A diode...

this paper reports on synthesis of a magnetic adsorbent for wastewater treatment purposes. in this regard, platanus orientalis waste leaves were chosen as a cheap material for preparing the magnetic adsorbent by loading magnetite nanoparticles on it. the synthesized adsorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffractometer. then, it was used for magnetic solid phas...

The traditional shirt (“ie”) is the most well-known element of Romanian anonymous textile art. Apart from aesthetic and utilitarian roles, it has strong symbolic significance, mainly through colours used for decoration. Very recently, with decoration over shoulder (“ia cu altiță”) was introduced as a identity part UNESCO heritage. Depending on ethnographic area, acquired special expressive part...

Four simple and sensitive methods for the assay of prazosin hydrochloride (PRH) are developed. These methods are based on the formation of coloured species by treating it either with excess N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and determining the unconsumed NBS with p-N-methyl aminophenol sulphate (metol)-sulphanilamide (SA) reagent (method A, lambda(max) 520 nm): with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazon...

The magnetic aqueous micellar two-phase system (MAMTPS) has the advantages combined of magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and aqueous micellar two-phase system (AMTPS). Thus, MAMTPS based on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and a nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) was developed for the extraction, enrichment and removal of three dyes (Congo red, methyl blue, and methyl violet) fro...