Virulent and avirulent clones of Leishmania donovani promastigotes were examined for their acid phosphatase activity. The acid phosphatase activity of whole-cell lysates of virulent clones was 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than that of avirulent clones. Pellet fractions (260,000 x g, 30 min) from sonicated promastigotes of a virulent clone and an avirulent clone contained 60 and 40% of the total enzy...

We previously reported that deletion of the Meq gene from the oncogenic rMd5 virus rendered it apathogenic for chickens. Here we examined multiple factors affecting Marek's disease vaccine efficacy of this nonpathogenic recombinant Meq null rMd5 virus (rMd5deltaMeq). These factors included host genetics (MHC haplotype), strain or dose of challenge virus, vaccine challenge intervals, and materna...

Specialized metabolites are essential components in plant defence systems, serving as signalling molecules and chemical weapons against pathogens. The manipulation of metabolome or can thus be an important virulence strategy for Because their central role, give valuable insights into plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we have conducted nontargeted metabolite profiling with UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS to i...

Powdery mildew, net blotch, scald, spot barley stripe, and leaf rust are important foliar fungal pathogens of barley. Fungal negatively affect the yield quality in plant. Virulence changes, which can occur various ways, may render resistant plants to susceptible ones. Factors such as mutation, population size random genetic drift, gene genotype flow, reproduction mating systems, selection impos...

Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, is a disease of humans in which the colonic epithelium is invaded by bacteria and subjected to inflammatory destruction. The aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction(PCR) test for detection of virulent Shigella spp.. For this purpose, the primers were designed to amplify a 526-bp internal region of the Shigella spp. icsA gene, which encod...

North Sumatra Province still lacks shallots every year. the obstacles that are often encountered and seen in farmers' fields disturbance of plant pests, generally diseases, especially fusarium basal rot disease. The purpose this study was to detect emergence Fusarium isolates from various sources infection locations against increasing attack bulbs occurred 2018 2019. Shallots cultivated on Karo...

The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. However, there is limited evidence linking ADFs with plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive ADF gene (TaADF3) from whe...