The effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on anatomical dead space, one and three second forced expiratory volume, maximal expiratory flow rate, and total forced expiratory volume were determined in ten healthy volunteers. Using Fowler's single breath nitrogen analyzing technique, atropine was found to increase dead space by 19.2 per cent at one hour, declining to 11.02 per cent at four hours....

styrene is an important constituent of widely used organic solvents in industries for production of various synthetic materials. the use of solid-phase extraction (spe) has grown and is a fertile technique of sample preparation as it provides better results than those produced by liquidliquid extraction. in this study, spe has been optimized, regarding sample ph, sample concentration, sample fl...

In this work, extraction of propionic acid from the aqueous phase to the organic phase (1-octanol) was performed in T-junction microchannels and effects of channel diameter and fluid flow rate on the mass transfer characteristics were investigated. The two-phase flow patterns in studied microchannels with 0.4 and 0.8 mm diameters were observed. Weber ‎ number and surface-to-volume ratio were ca...

We conducted a study to measure the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in a group of normal Malay primary school children aged 7 to 12 years. PEFR was measured in 920 children (482 boys and 438 girls) while FVC and FEV1 were measured in 292 of them (168 boys and 124 girls). In agreement with previous studies, we found th...

background: use of hormone replacement therapy (hrt) may increase the risk of adult-onset asthma in women. various in vitro studies have reported that estradiol stimulates human mast cell lines causing release of allergic mediators which was not observed in estrogen receptor-alpha (er-alpha) knockout mice. thus, estrogen might be a key element in occurrence of asthma. in the present study, we p...

In order to present a new and high performance structure of PEM fuel cell and study the influence of the flow direction and distribution on the rate of reactants diffusion, three novel models of vertical reactant flow injection into the anode and cathode reaction area field have been introduced. They consist of one inlet and two inlets and also a continuous channel. The governing equations on t...

in the present study the effect of curvature ratio and coil pitch for tio2/water nanofluid laminar flow on heat transfer behavior and pressure drop through helical coils with different geometries was investigated experimentally. the tio2/water nanofluids at 0.25% to 2% particle volume concentrations have been prepared by using a two-step method. the experiments were performed for coils with cur...

The most important reason for the design of curved tubes is increasing the heat transfer between the fluid and the wall which has provided many applications in various industries such as air conditioning, micro-electric, heat exchangers and etc. The aim of this study is numerical investigation of nano fluids flow in spiral tubes with injection of base fluid in different Reynolds numbers. Accord...

In  this  research,  biological  removal  of  phenol  and  orthonitrophenol  (2NP)  pollutants  from wastewater  by  continuous  moving  bed  sequencing  batch  reactor  (MSBR)  was  studied.  The experiments were conducted in various operational conditions to find out the optimum level of the significant  parameters.  Best  performance  for  removal  of  Phenols  was  achieved  when  parameter...