Aim: The effect of orexin on wakefulness has been shown to be largely mediated by activation of histaminergic neurons via orexin receptor-2 (OX2R). Consistently, OX2R mRNA is abundantly expressed in histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). However, orexin receptors in the other regions of the brain might also play important roles in maintenance of wakefulness. To dissect the...

I. Introduction Until recently, an understanding of the range of scales of turbulent flow and its dynamic interaction with the performance and wake characteristics of axial-flow marine hydrokinetic turbines was lacking. Advancing this area of knowledge within the field of marine and hydrokinetic energy research, development, and deployment will lead to more efficient turbine operations and redu...

The aim of this paper is to explore, empirically, the channels of crisis transmission with regard to the Global financial crisis. EMP-based crisis proxy is used for eight countries, which include Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Russia. The period considered for estimation was Q1 2001 Q2 2010. Based on the Vector AutoRegression (VAR) and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS...

The effect of initial conditions on the turbulent structures of various scales in a near-wake has been investigated for two wake generators, i.e., a circular cylinder and screen of 50% solidity, of the same characteristic dimension. Velocity data were obtained at x/h (x and h are the stream-wise distance downstream and the height of the wake generators, respectively) =20 using 16 X wires, eight...

UNLABELLED Understanding the control of sleep-wake states by the basal forebrain (BF) poses a challenge due to the intermingled presence of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. All three BF neuronal subtypes project to the cortex and are implicated in cortical arousal and sleep-wake control. Thus, nonspecific stimulation or inhibition studies do not reveal the roles of these diffe...

This paper aims to simulate unstable gap flows of three side-by-side cylinders unequally/equally spaced at T1/d = 1.5 and T2/d = 1.6 in a uniform cross flow (Re=300). The simulation is carried out using ANSYS Flotran 7.0. A mesh-independent study is conducted on a single cylinder at Re=100. The Strouhal number and wake flow characteristics compare well with experimental results. Simulation of t...

INTRODUCTION As children go through the transition from childhood to adolescence, many shifts occur in sleep/wake patterns related to intrinsic and extrinsic developmental changes. These shifts have been shown to result in corresponding shifts in sleep phase (later sleep onset) and sleep deprivation among teenagers in Western societies. However, the effect of these developmental changes on the ...

We have measured the stopping powers and straggling of fast, highly ionized atoms passing through thin bilayer targets made up of metals and insulators. We were surprised to find that the energy losses as well as the straggling depend on the ordering of the target and have small but significantly different values on bilayer reversal. We ascribe this newly found difference in energy loss to the ...

Particle image velocimetry has been the preferred experimental technique with which to study the aerodynamics of animal flight for over a decade. In that time, hardware has become more accessible and the software has progressed from the acquisition of planes through the flow field to the reconstruction of small volumetric measurements. Until now, it has not been possible to capture large volume...