We describe cryptographic protocols for secure execution of warrants or legal orders authorizing access to data held by private parties. Using cryptography enables a better combination of security, privacy, and accountability properties than would otherwise be possible. We describe a series of protocols, based on different assumptions about trust and technical sophistication of the parties, and...

The idea of a proxy signature scheme was first presented by Mambo et al. [1] in 1996. Their proxy signature scheme allows an original signer to delegate his signing right to a proxy signer to sign the message on behalf of an original signer. Later, the verifier, which knows the public keys of original signer and a proxy signer can check a validity of a proxy signature issued by a proxy signer. ...

SAN FRANCISCO – A proposed new definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome describes categories based on mild, moderate, or severe hypoxemia that correlate increasing severity with significantly increased mortality or increased time on mechanical ventilation among survivors. The draft definition, created under a consensus process by an international panel of experts, was refined by empiri...

On a traditional view, the primary role of a mathematical proof is to warrant the truth of the resulting theorem. This view fails to explain why it is very often the case that a new proof of a theorem is deemed important. Three case studies from elementary arithmetic show, informally, that there are many criteria by which ordinary proofs are valued. I argue that at least some of these criteria ...

Epistemologists canbedivided into twocamps: thosewho think that nothing short of certainty or (subjective) probability 1 can warrant assertion and those who disagree with this claim. This paper addressed this issue by inquiring into the problem of setting the probability threshold required for assertion in such a way that that the social epistemic good is maximized, where the latter is taken to...

The paper discusses Bernard Bolzano’s epistemological approach to believing and knowing with regard to the epistemic requirements of an axiomatic model of science. It relates Bolzano’s notions of believing, knowing and evaluation to his notions of infallibility, immediacy and foundational truth. If axiomatic systems require their foundational truths to be infallibly known, this knowledge involv...

after ordering the accused arrest on warrant, its implementation requires compliance with the conditions. in iran, enforcement the arrest on warrant by the court officers takes place in the judicial area of the prosecution or court of justice, but, in england, the entire territory of the country is in place that may catch the accused by policeman. iranian general officers in justice alone often...

since the verses of the qur’ān have been revealed for the guidance of human beings and their eternal happiness, the holy qur’ān makes every endeavor to illustrate human destiny on the resurrection day. the behavioral reaction of the deniers of the truth and the people of falsity when witnessing the resurrection scenes after the appearance of truth is one of the thought-provoking issues in the q...