introduction water quality trading (wqt) is an economically incentive-based strategy that focuses on finding the optimal discharge permit market for surface water quality management. the amounts of traded discharge permits determine the interactions of emission sources in the market. pollutantsthat are able to provide extra permits can satisfy the demands of other participants for credits. find...

In this report, experimental investigation of waste water treatment by reverse osmosis to enable its reuse in cooling tower is presented. A polyamide spiral wound RO membrane followed by three filters as RO pretreatment (two activated carbon and one cartridge filter) and samples of Tehran refinery treated waste water have been used. The effect of operating conditions such as pressure differ...

Ensuring reliable access to clean and affordable water is one of the greatest global challenges of this century. As the world's population increases, water pollution becomes more complex and difficult to remove, and global climate change threatens to exacerbate water scarcity in many areas, the magnitude of this challenge is rapidly increasing. Wastewater reuse is becoming a common necessity, e...

Process and manufacturing plants usually consume huge amounts of water in various cleaning and rinsing operations. Wastewater contains pollutants that are frequently environmentally regulated. An e€ective way to minimize wastewater is to design a wastewater reuse network (WWRN) such that the used water can be reused to a maximum extent in the same plant. In this paper, a mathematical approach i...

The physicochemical conditions of high-rate algal ponds were responsible for a more than 97% reduction in the infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in neonatal mice. The use of semipermeable bags of cellulose showed that pH, ammonia, and/or light seems to be a major factor for the inactivation of oocysts in wastewater, supporting the importance of alga-based systems for safer reuse of t...

The demand for fresh water is increasing with the growth in world population, and obtaining an adequate supply of clean water has likely been the challenge for many countries. To solve this problem, using water from unconventional sources is the best method from economic point of view. To make wastewater reuse safety, all the pollutants including biodegradable organic matter [1,2], pathogens [3...

In order to evaluate the feasibility of installing decentralised installations for wastewater reuse in cities, information about flows at specific spots of a sewer is needed. However, measuring intermittent flows in partially filled conduits is a technical task which is sometimes difficult to accomplish. This paper describes a method to model intermittent discharges in small sewers by linking a...