Institutional mapping is a technique that builds on the logic of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In GIS, coverages placed over a base map show spatial relations. Social institutions are more difficult to ‘‘map’’ physically. Institutional mapping uses three social coverages—scale, power, and capital. Four sets of institutions affecting watershed management—salmon restoration, water quality...

Water quality is generally high in watercourses draining forested areas. However, forest management can lead to detrimental effects on water and the aquatic environment. Key concerns include diffuse pollution, carbon transport harmful freshwater ecology. Here, we undertake a review of range forestry activities including cultivation site preparation, fertilisation harvesting quality. We attempt ...