Encephalopathy resulting from the administration of levetiracetam (LEV) is a rare occurrence. We experienced a patient receiving LEV treated with valproic acid (VPA) for partial seizures with secondary generalization, following which she developed hyperammonemic encephalopathy and showed complete recovery after the drug was withdrawan. LEV is able to promote hyperammonemic encephalopathy when a...

1. Episodic (precipitant-induced) encephalopathy, commonly seen in the hospital setting, where a superimposed event is a key factor. 2. Persistent (chronic) encephalopathy, seen with extensive portal–systemic shunts and after portocaval shunt surgery or placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). 3. Minimal (subclinical) encephalopathy reflects alterations in cognitive fu...

Dear Editor, Cefasporins such as cefepime are beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. They are commonly used as first-line agents in the treatment of many infections.1 Reversible encephalopathy is a known neurotoxic complication of cefalosporins.2 Previous case reports have documented triphasic waves on electroencephalography (EEG) in cephalosporin-induced encephalopathy.1-...

The anticonvulsant agent valproate (VPA) may cause hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton MR spectroscopic (MRS) findings in a patient with VPA-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy are described. MRI showed a metabolic-toxic lesion pattern with bilateral T2-hyperintense lesions in the cerebellar white matter and in the globus pallidus. MR spectroscopic findi...

The encephalopathy that occurs in association with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli), has a high mortality rate and patients sometimes present sequelae. We herein describe the case of a 20-year-old woman who developed encephalopathy during the convalescent stage of HUS caused by E.coli O26. Hyperintense lesions were detected in the ...

Objectives This study aimed to identify differences in absolute neutrophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio between neonates with two forms of ischemic brain injury, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and acute ischemic stroke, compared to controls. We also aimed to determine whether this neutrophil/lymphocyte response pattern is associated with disease severity or is a consequen...

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a disease usually related to chronic alcoholism. The clinical diagnosis is often difficult to establish. MR imaging is a highly sensitive method for detecting lesions associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy. We report a case of atypical manifestation of hyperintense lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 60-year-old male patient with Wernicke's ence...

Epileptic encephalopathy syndromes are disorders in which the epileptiform abnormalities are thought to contribute to a progressive cerebral dysfunction. Characteristic electroencephalogram findings have an important diagnostic value in classification of epileptic encephalopathy syndromes. In this paper, we focus on electroencephalogram findings of childhood epileptic encephalopathy syndromes a...

A patient with valproic acid induced hyperammonaemic encephalopathy is presented. During chronic treatment with valproic acid this patient developed a potentially life-threatening encephalopathy without signs of liver failure. After discontinuing the valproic acid the patient recovered completely. In the case of a patient presenting with hyperammonaemic encephalopathy, the possibility of the us...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the precipitating factors and outcome of Hepatic encephalopathy in patients of cirrhosis of liver. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective Descriptive study PLACE AND DURATION: The study was conducted in the department of Medicine Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro / Hyderabad from July 2009 to December 2009. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Ninety patients of cirrhosis of...