Enki or Ea. is the name of the god of wisdom, medicine and sea in the Mesopotamia Sumer and Elam. He is the ruler of the freshwater ocean, “Abzu”. Enki is represented by the rivers Euphrates and Tigris flowing from his shoulders. He has a bowl in his hand from which water flows. He is associated with his symbolic animals such as fish, goats and turtles. Boats and canes with ram heads are his to...

Many medical and therapeutic cuneiform texts have been recovered from sites in ancient Mesopotamia, but no specifically surgical text has yet been found. Although it is possible that surgical texts may be found in the future, it is rather unlikely. Their absence cannot be taken as proof that the ancient Mesopotamians did not practise surgery; it is probable that surgical techniques were handed ...

Throughout most periods of ancient Near Eastem history, religious rituals frequently played an important role in the resolution of legal disputes that were brought to trial. It appears that judges would sometimes make use of them arbitrarily but often when they felt the available evidence was insufficient or at least too ambiguous to render a decisive verdict. The rituals—or cultic procedures, ...

The number of studies on extremophilic organisms has grown exponentially in the last few years. These exotic organisms (extremoplilees) are adapted to living at 100 c. In volcanic springs, at low temperatures in the cold polar seas, at high pressure in the deep sea, at very low and high ph values (ph 0-1 or ph 10-11) or at hight salt concentration (35%). Recent developments clearly show that ce...