Primates appear at or immediately after the beginning of the Eocene, in the global carbon isotope excursion (CIE) marking the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. We presented evidence for dispersal of Teilhardina from Asia to Europe to North America in the first 25 kyr of the CIE (first 25 kyr of the Eocene; ref. 1). Beard claims to refute the direction of dispersal by reporting a new, possibly o...

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The oldest-old are the fastest growing segment of the Western population. Over half of the oldest-old will have dementia, but the etiology is yet unknown. Age is the only risk factor consistently associated with dementia in the oldest-old. Many of the risk and protective factors for dementia in the young elderly, such as ApoE genotype, physical activity, and healthy lifestyle, are not relevant ...