This is of course impossible, but Gould’s thought experiment is a useful conceptual exercise which brings out key issues of determinism versus randomness in history. More broadly, it can be illuminating to ponder all kinds of implausible and radical scenarios, in effect bracketing the real world with visions of possible worlds. What would our world now be like if, at some time in the past, a ma...

shortage of water has been a great consideration since ancient times in iran. the yearly average atmospheric precipitation in iran is around 250 mm considering the total area of the country, it can be estimated that our share of water is 420 x 109 per year. due to evaporation and run off to the sea through rivers and infliction it has been estimated the available water can not be more than 120 ...

One hundred years ago this Sunday, on November th, , Bertrand Russell delivered the Inaugural Address to the Aristotelian Society’s thirty-fourth session – it was Russell’s second year as President. His lecture was entitled ‘On the Notion of Cause’, and as the Proceedings here note, a discussion followed in which a number of members took part. Outside the Aristotelian Society, the discussion co...