According to the Universal Writing System Constraint, all writing systems encode language, and thus reflect basic properties of the linguistic system they encode. According to a second universal, the Universal Phonological Principle, the activation of word pronunciations occurs for skilled readers across all writing systems. We review recent research that illustrates the implications of these t...

Arabic language and writing are now facing a resurgence of international normative solutions that challenge most of their local or network based operating principles. Even if the multilingual digital coding solutions, especially those proposed by Unicode, have solved many difficulties of Arabic writing, the linguistic aspect is still in search of more adapted solutions. Terminology is one of th...

Abstract It has become customary to introduce students to scientific writing through submitting manuscripts from Master’s projects to workshops and conferences. Some plausible reasons for teachers to encourage writing are for disseminating project outcome, for populating ones publication list, and not least for balancing research and teaching, which otherwise is problematic [2]. When students c...

Rule-based multilingual natural language processing (NLP) applications such as machine translation systems require the development of grammars for multiple languages. Grammar writing, however, is often a slow and laborious process. In this paper we describe a methodology for multilingual and multipurpose grammar development based on grammar sharing. This paper presents the first step towards a ...

Web 2.0 technologies are having a considerable influence on the learning industry. Constructivist learning processes, such as collaborative writing, have emerged as a result of the development of Web 2.0 technologies. We define the term “mandatory collaborative writing” to describe a writing task where the group has a firm deadline. This article focuses on how a wiki can fully support mandatory...

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Computer-based highly interactive drama involves different authoring approaches, compared to linear media. Underlying design principles needs to be understood in order to guide the authoring process, to teach authors and to design better systems. This paper identifies a fundamental design principle termed Structural Writing that underlies some of the most generative approaches in interactive dr...

Social life consists of making mistakes, then correcting them. The big questions do not concern who makes the fewest mistakes and why, but whether the mistakes are fruitful, how fast people recognize them, and how well they correct them. The same principles apply to writing books, even if the interaction and error-correction take longer to operate than in everyday conversation. This symposium’s...

pollution and destruction of environment and the resulting damages is one of the basic perplexities of modern industrial and urban societies and one of the most essential issues dealt with in environment rights. thus, given the necessity of indemnification for any damage and loss in most of the legal systems, the study, assessment, and discussion of civil responsibility arising from environment...