Little is known about the state of experimentation in the field of medicine during the Medieval Islamic era. With few exceptions, most of the contemporary sources on history of medicine propagate the idea that the roots of experimental medicine in its modern form, including clinical trials and drug-potency studies, first started during the European Renaissance in the 16(th) to the 18(th) centur...

The most distinctive feature of this clearly written and engaging book is that throughout its ten chapters, the author simultaneously develops two independent projects. The first project, as the title suggests, is to introduce the novice to some of the traditional issues in the philosophy of mind. To this end, the book is structured around discussions of dualism, physicalism, the problem of oth...

This paper reports a simple two-alternative noncontingent probability learning experiment with an uncon-ventional feature: each 5 made 1000 consecutive predictions, making possible very detailed analysis of responses which occurred after learning was essentially completed. Some abbreviations will be useful. The 5 1 predicts either L or R; after each prediction he observes either 1 or r. The pro...

Polymer diodes require cathodes that do not corrode the polymer but do have low work function to minimize the electron injection barrier. First-principles calculations demonstrate that the work function of the (1000) surface of the compound Ca 2 N is half an eV lower than that of the elemental metal Ca (2.35 vs. 2.87 eV). Moreover its reactivity is expected to be smaller. This makes Ca 2 N an i...

Recent studies have begun to illuminate the mechanism of T-cell export from the thymus, with the identification of a required lysophospholipid receptor, two upstream transcription factors, and several downstream regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics. This work has generated immediate translational impact, aiding the design of immunosuppressant drugs and the identification of a novel form of human...

Electric Power Transmission: Rationing a Limited Resource In the redesigned electric power industry, electricity-generating companies compete for customers and then transmit their electricity rarely be realized. Money collected by the central coordinator can be used to maintain and upgrade the transmission system. The researchers have already developed software that can produce using the existi...

Product piracy and counterfeiting is a market with an annual turnover of hundreds of billions of US-Dollars. The application of RFID-tags is discussed widely to cope with this problem. A major obstacle for a mass deployment of RFID-tags, beside the harsh requirements on power consumption, are fabrication costs. In hardware fabrication costs are proportional to the required area. In this paper w...