Character displacement, which arises when species diverge in sympatry to decrease competition for resources or reproductive interference, has been observed in a wide variety of plants and animals. A classic example of reproductive character displacement, presumed to be caused by reinforcing selection, is flower-color variation in the native Texas wildflower Phlox drummondii. Here, we use popula...

Given that pollinators usually visit flowers for hidden rewards, they need to rely on floral traits indicate reward status (“honest signals”). However, the relationship between pollination, honest signals, and rewards is little documented in natural conditions. The Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) an invasive shrub with polymorphism color of its can be yellow, orange, or red. In three areas dom...

A long-standing question in evolutionary biology asks whether the genetic changes contributing to phenotypic evolution are predictable. Here, we identify a genetic change associated with segregating variation in flower color within a population of Mimulus lewisii. To determine whether these types of changes are predictable, we combined this information with data from other species to investigat...

Emotional reactions to color hue, saturation, and brightness (Munsell color system and color chips) were investigated using the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance emotion model. Saturation (S) and brightness (B) evidenced strong and consistent effects on emotions. Regression equations for standardized variables were; Pleasure = .69B + .22S, Arousal = -.31B + .60S, Dominance = -.76B + .32S. Brightness e...

Moringa oleifera is a nutrient rich plant that has the potential to combat malnutrition problems in Africa. This study aims to investigate the effect of fortification using Moringa oleifera flower powder on the sensory and proximate attributes of fermented yellow maize and millet blend (Ogi). The formulation was grouped into seven blends in ratio 100:0:0, 70:30:0, 70:25:5, 70:20:10, 70:15:15, 7...

ABSTRACT-Manual harvesting of saffron as a laborious and exhausting job; it not only raises production costs, but also reduces the quality due to contaminations. Saffron quality could be enhanced if automated harvesting is substituted. As the main step towards designing a saffron harvester robot, an appropriate algorithm was developed in this study based on image processing techniques to recogn...

widely encountered of the “fancy color” diamonds (figure 1). From 1998 to the present, GIA has issued grading reports on more than 100,000 yellow diamonds, by far the most common of the fancy-color diamonds submitted to our laboratory. In 2003, for example, 58% of the diamonds submitted for GIA Colored Diamond Grading Reports or Colored Diamond Identification and Origin of Color Reports were in...

in this paper, synthesis of the flower-like zinc oxide was performed using microwave assisted dicationic ionic liquid [mmp(im)2 ]br2 . the polycrystalline flower-like zinc oxide nanostructure was obtained when a suitable mole ratio (ionic liquid /zinc acetate) and short duration microwave was used. x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), and photoluminescence (pl) spectra w...

At Cornell University, Emerson has been the leader in an important series of genetical investigations of maize, in which the Mendelian factorial composition of many color varieties has been established. In a recent memoir1 he has dealt especially with what he terms plant colors; i.e., colors due to pigments (otherthan those of the chloroplasts) whichare commonly seen in the husks, the staminate...

What is the relative salience of different aspects of word meaning in the developing lexicon? The current study examines the time-course of retrieval of semantic and color knowledge associated with words during toddler word recognition: At what point do toddlers orient toward an image of a yellow cup upon hearing color-matching words such as "banana" (typically yellow) relative to unrelated wor...