Based on the observation that a single mutational event can delete or insert multiple residues, affine gap costs for sequence alignment charge a penalty for the existence of a gap, and a further length-dependent penalty. From structural or multiple alignments of distantly related proteins, it has been observed that conserved residues frequently fall into ungapped blocks separated by relatively ...

Quantifying the exploitable gap between average farmer yields and yield potential (YP) is essential to prioritize research and formulate policies for food security at national and international levels. While irrigated maize accounts for 58% of total annual maize production in the Western U.S. Corn Belt, current yield gap in these systems has not been quantified. Our objectives were to quantify ...

precise application of the n fertilizer rate is critical to achieve maximum yield. in major regions, empirical methods were used for determining n fertilizer requirement. these methods cannot take into account variation in management and environmental conditions on determining fertilizer requirement. crop simulation models can provide an alternative means of determining the optimum crop n requi...

Hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite based semiconductor materials are attractive for use in a wide range of optoelectronic devices because they combine the advantages of suitable optoelectronic attributes and simultaneously low-cost solution processability. Here, we present a two-step low-pressure vapor-assisted solution process to grow high quality homogeneous CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx perovskite...

Given an n-ary k-valued function f , gap(f) denotes the minimal number of essential variables in f which become fictive when identifying any two distinct essential variables in f . We particularly solve a problem concerning the explicit determination of n-ary k-valued functions f with 2 ≤ gap(f) ≤ n ≤ k. Our methods yield new combinatorial results about the number of such functions.

As planetary boundaries are rapidly being approached, humanity has little room for additional expansion and conventional intensification of agriculture, while a growingworld population further spreads the food gap. Ample evidence exists that improved on-farmwatermanagement can close water-related yield gaps to a considerable degree, but its global significance remains unclear. In this modeling ...

Spin-polarized gapless surface states in topological insulators form chiral Dirac cones. When such materials are reduced to thin films, the Dirac states on the two faces of the film can overlap and couple by quantum tunneling, resulting in a thickness-dependent insulating gap at the Dirac point. Calculations for a freestanding Sb film with a thickness of four atomic bilayers yield a gap of 36 m...